INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT

PREMIDTERM COVERAGE
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PERIODS
• FERTILIZATION PERIOD
From week 1-3
Egg is fertilized by the sperm
Blood vessels appears
Heart tubes will form that will develop into heat
Blood cells form from endothelial cells within the
yolk sac.
• EMBRYONIC PERIOD
 From weeks 4-7
Embryo forms into a C-Shaped appearance.
Primitive gut is form
Umbilical cord develops
Three primary gem layers differentiate into
various organs and tissue.
Brain, heart, eyes, nose, mouth are developing,
giving the human embryo a human characteristics
• FETAL PERIOD
 From week 8 to birth
 Embryo is now called a Fetus
Rapid body growth and organ system maturation
occurs.
 RESPIRATORY DEVELOPMENT
• UPPER AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT
 By the fourth week, bronchial arches develop and
form the maxillary and mandible (lower) jaw.
Bronchial arches also form the pharynx, mouth,
oropharyngeal airway and laryngeal cartilages.
 Tongue develops within 4-7 weeks, palate starts
to develop in the 5th week and completes by the
7th weeks of gestations.
• LOWER AIRWAY DEVELOPMENT
Epithelial groove will give rise to the larynx,
trachea, bronchi, pulmonary epithelium, and
assorted glands.
Tracheoesophageal septums divides into the
esophagus and laryngotracheal tube.
Visceral and Parietal Pleura develops from the
lung buds.
 PERIODS OF LUNG MATURATION
• EMBRYONIC PERIOD
 From fertilization to 5 weeks.
 Lung buds first appear.
Laryngotracheal groove forms.
Lung bud divides into left and right mainstem
bronchi
• PSEUDOGLANDULAR PERIOD
 5-13TH Weeks
 Conducting airways develop completely including
the terminal bronchioles.
 Mucous glands and goblet cells appear.
 Bronchus and Bronchioles are line with cuboidal
epithelium.
• CANALICULAR PERIOD
 13 – 24 weeks
 Enlargement of conducting airways continue and proliferation
of pulmonary blood vessels
 Gas exchange units develop from the respiratory bronchial.
 Cilia appears at 13th weeks.
 Meconium is present in 16th weeks.
 Breathing movement can be detected between 18 and 20
weeks.
 Elastic tissue develops beginning at 20 weeks.
 Type 1 and Type 2 alveolar pneumocytes develops, with
synthesis and production of surfactant starting by weeks 22 to
24.
• TERMINAL SAC PERIOD
 24 weeks - birth
 Primitive alveoli develops from alveolar ducts.
 Fetus weighs approximately 1000 gm at 26th to
28th weeks.
 Fetal lungs represent 2% to 3% of total body
weight.
 Birth of 24 to 75 million alveoli and its number
increases to 300 to 400 millions in adulthood.
 Extrauterine life is possible in this period.
 FETAL LUNG FLUID
• The lungs begins secreting fluid by the 70th
day of gestation
• This fluid is composed of a combination of
sodium potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and
a small percentage of protein in water.
• The presence of lung fluid assists lung growth
and the development of the functional
residual capacity (FRC)
 SURFACTANT
• Surfactant is synthesize and secreted by the type
11 alveolar pneumocytes.
• It first appears between 22nd and 24th weeks of
gestation.
• It reduces surface tension, maintaining alveolar
stability and preventing atelectasis.
• Inadequate surfactant levels can occur in
newborns as a result of: Prematurity, Hypoxia,
Malnutrition, Maternal Diabetes, Hypothermia,
Acidosis.
 AMNIOTIC FLUID
• Amniotic fluid is composed of amniotic cells,
maternal blood, and fetal urine.
• Approximately, 10ml of amniotic fluid is
present during 10th week, which increases to 1
liter by term.
• Amniotic fluid protects the fetus and acts as a
cushion surrounding the fetus.
 PLACENTA
• Provides exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
metabolic nutrients between fetal and
maternal blood supplies.
• Major activities of the placenta includes
metabolism, transfer of nutrients and wastes
and endocrine secretion.