3.

DASAR LISTRIK
A. APA ITU LISTRIK
1. KOMPOSISI BENDA

Atomic
BENDA nucleus
+
MOLEKUL
- Electron
ATOM
Hydrogen atom

Atomic nucleus -
-
+ +
+ +
Proton - -
- Neutron
Helium Lithium
ELEMENTARY C2 01
3. DASAR LISTRIK
2. ELEKTRON BEBAS

Elektron bebas
-
- - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - + - - - - + - - -
- -
- - - - - - - -
- - -
-
- - - - - - - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- -
- - + - -
- -
- - - -
- -
- - - -
ELEMENTARY C2 02
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3. TIPE LISTRIK
1) Listrik Statis

BERMUATAN LISTRIK STATIS

TABUNG KACA

KAIN KATUN

ELEMENTARY C2 01
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Referensi

(1) Saat 2 benda yg berbeda bergesekan, akan menimbulkan listrik.

(2) Dari gesekan menimbulkan muatan positif atau negatif.
(3) Partikel atom akan berpindah ke benda lain.
(4) Obyek yang menerima muatan akan kelebihan muatan.
ELEMENTARY C2 04
3. DASAR LISTRIK

2) Listrik Dinamis

+
0
Waktu
-
Arus Searah

+
0
Waktu
-

Arus Bolak-balik
ELEMENTARY C2 05
3. DASAR LISTRIK
B. ARUS, TEGANGAN (VOLTAGE) & TAHANAN (RESISTANCE)
1. ARUS
(1) Pengertian Arus

Kabel listrik
Elektron bebas

A B A B

Gerakan elektron

Netral Supply dari B

ELEMENTARY C2 06
3. DASAR LISTRIK
(2) Satuan Arus Listrik

1 Ampere = 1 Detik 1 Coulomb

< Satuan >

1 ampere = 1000 milliampere
1 milliampere = 1000 microampere

< Symbol >

Ampere (A)
Milliampere (mA)
Microampere (µA)
ELEMENTARY C2 07
3. DASAR LISTRIK
2. TEGANGAN (Voltage)
Tekanan
Air Listrik

Aliran Elektron

Voltage

Tidak ada tekanan air Voltage nol

3. DASAR LISTRIK
3. TAHANAN (Resistance)
Generator

Listrik

Beban tahanan

Tahanan internal kabel

3. DASAR LISTRIK

< Units >

1 megaohm = 1000000 ohms = 10 6 ohms
1 kiloohm = 1000 ohms = 103 ohms
1 ohm
1 microohm = 1/1000000 ohm = 10 -6 ohm
< Symbols >
Megaohm (M )
Kiloohm (k )
Ohm ( )
Microohm (µ )
3. DASAR LISTRIK
4. HUKUM OHM

2 3 1
3. DASAR LISTRIK

Tegangan (volt )
Arus (ampere ) 
Tahanan (ohm)
E (V) I : Arus
I (A) =
R ( ) E : Tegangan
R : Tahanan
E (V)
R ( ) =
I (A)
E = I• R

E (V) = I (A) x R ( )

E
E R=
I= I
R
3. DASAR LISTRIK
C. RANGKAIAN LISTRIK (APLIKASI HUKUM OHM)
1. Rangkaian Dasar

Switch Fuse
Lampu

I=?

6
+ - 12 V
3. DASAR LISTRIK
(1) Bila Tegangan dan Arus diketahui maka Tahanan dapat dihitung

Saat tahanan digunakan pada tegangan 24V, arus yang dihasilka

n 8A. Berapa nilai tahanan-nya?

I = 8A

24 V
R=?

E
Dari hukum Ohm R=
I
E = 24 (V) I = 8 (A)
24
R= = 3( )
8
3. DASAR LISTRIK
(2) Bila Tahanan dan Arus diketahui maka Tegangan dapat dihitung

Berapa tegangan yang diperlukan untuk menimbulkan arus 2A de

ngan tahanan 50

I = 2A

100 V
R = 50

Dari hukum Ohm E=IxR

I = 2 (A) R = 50 

E = 2 x 50 = 100 (V)
3. DASAR LISTRIK
2) Rangkaian Seri
3. DASAR LISTRIK

R1 R2 R3

E1 E2 E3

Total tegangan E = E1 + E2 + E3
= I•R1 + I•R2 + I•R3

= I (R1 + R2 + R3)

Tahanan pengganti E = E1 + E2 + E3
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Hitung besarnya tahanan pengganti?

6 4 2

12 V

R = R1 + R2 + R3

6 + 4 + 2 = 12 

E 12
I= = = 1( A )
R 12
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3) Rangkaian Parallel
3. DASAR LISTRIK
R1

I2

R2
I1

E
E E 1 1
Total arus I = I1 + I2 = + =E ( + )
R1 R 2 R1 R2

1 Hukum Ohm
R=
1 1 E( V )
Tahanan + I( A ) =
R1 R 2 R( )
pengganti
1 1 1 1
= + = E( V ) x
R R1 R 2 R( )
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Hitung besarnya tahanan pengganti pada gambar berikut?

R1 = 20

R 2 = 30

R 3 = 60

1 1
R= =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R 2 R3 20 30 60
1 1 60
= = = = 10[  ]
3 2 1 6 6
+ +
60 60 60 60
3. DASAR LISTRIK
D. PRINSIP DASAR SOLENOID
1. Arus dan Medan Magnet

- +

S
3. DASAR LISTRIK

Kertas

N S
S N
N
+ S +
- S N -
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Kaidah ulir sekrup kanan

r us us
A Ar
3. DASAR LISTRIK
2. Medan Magnet pada kumparan

Magnetic
force lines

Current
3. DASAR LISTRIK

Kutup Kutup
Utara Selatan

Magnetic force lines

Hukum tangan kanan Aliran listrik

N S
Tangan kanan

Arus
3. DASAR LISTRIK

Inti besi

Kumparan

Besi
3. DASAR LISTRIK
E. PRINSIP KERJA STARTER
1. Gaya Electromagnetic (Hukum tangan kiri Fleming's)

Kawat penghantar dan

arah aliran arus listrik

Arah garis gaya magnet sama

sehingga gaya elektromagnetik
saling menguatkan.

Arah garis gaya magnet saling

berlawanan, sehingga gaya
electromagnetic melemah.

Gaya dorong
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Hukum tangan kiri Fleming's

ARAH GAYA

N S
ARAH GARIS GAYA MAGNET
N ke S
+

-
Arus (A)

ARAH ARUS Gaya (N)

+ ke -
Medan Magnet (A/M)
3. DASAR LISTRIK

Magnet

Commutator Kumparan
Brush

Batere
+ -
3. DASAR LISTRIK

Arus Gaya Arus Gaya

Arah GGM Arah GGM

Arah GGM Arah GGM

Gaya Arus Gaya Arus

Arah arus listrik dibalik

oleh commutator.
3. DASAR LISTRIK
F. PRINSIP KERJA GENERATOR
1. Induksi Electromagnetic (Hukum tangan kanan Fleming's)
Ammeter
+

- Tegangan dihasilkan saat konduktor

digerakkan naik turun

Gaya Electromotive (V)

= magnetic flux ( Wb / m2 ) x panjang konduktor (m) x kecepatan gerakan konduktor (m/s)
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Hukum tangan kanan Fleming's right-hand
GERAKAN KONDUKTOR

S N
ARAH
GARIS GAYA MAGNET
N ke S +

-
Hukum tangan kiri

Gaya
ARAH TEGANGAN
+ ke - Arah GGM

Arus
3. DASAR LISTRIK
2. Prinsip Kerja Generator Listrik (Generator DC)

b d

a C1 c
C2
B1 B2
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3. Prinsip Kerja Generator AC (Alternator)

a d d a

b c c b
S2
B2
S1
B1
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3. DASAR LISTRIK
7 BATTERY PRINCIPLE
1) Battery purpose

Connected in parallel
3. DASAR LISTRIK
2) Battery structure and function

Terminal Positive plate

Cell plug
Connector
Lid Pole Separator

Pole

Battery jar

Glass mat
Negative plate
Positive plate
Glass mat Negative plate
Separator
3. DASAR LISTRIK

Electron

Current
Negative pole Positive pole

- + +
- + +
- + +
- + +

Lead ion + Hydrogen ion +

Pb + 2H2SO4 +PbO2 PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4

Negative pole plates Positive pole plates

3. DASAR LISTRIK

Larger terminal is positive

- +
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3) In-service maintenance
(1) Adjusting electrolyte level and specific gravity

Diluted sulfuric acid

Purified water
(Specific gravity : 1.400)
240
Replaceable quantity (CC)
(per 1 liter of electrolyte)

220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.240 1.250 1.260 1.270 1.280 1.290 1.300 1.310 1.320

Battery electricity specific gravity (20 degrees)

3. DASAR LISTRIK
(2) Measuring electrolyte specific gravity

Rubber ball

Glass tube
A
Floating scale

Suction tube
3. DASAR LISTRIK
4) Storage cautions
3. DASAR LISTRIK
5) Charging
(1) Charging type

Initial charging Supplementary charging

3. DASAR LISTRIK
(2) Charging methods

1 Constant-current charging method

2 Fast charging method

3. DASAR LISTRIK
(3) Voltage and specific gravity changes during charging

2.9
2.8
Voltage
2.7
Terminal voltage (V)

2.6
2.5
2.4 Specific gravity 1.3

Specific gravity
2.3

2.2 1.2
2.1

2.0 1.1

1.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Charging time (H)
3. DASAR LISTRIK
(4) Charging-related cautions

-
-
+ +
-
+
-
+

Discharge rate(Ah)
Charging time(h) = x (1.2 to 1.5)
Charging current(A)
3. DASAR LISTRIK
(5) Battery capacity

Unit Ampere-hour (Ah)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h)

Watt-hour capacity (Wh)

= discharge current (A) x discharge time (h) x mean discharge voltage (V)

Ampere-hour capacity (Ah)

(Example)

Discharge: 5 hours
6 (A) x 5 (h) = 30 (Ah)
Current: 6A

Voltage: 12V
40 (Ah) x 12 (V) = 480 (Ah)
Battery: 40Ah
3. DASAR LISTRIK

5A
10 A

Heat loss
Chemical
100Ah 100Ah reactions

20 hours at 5 A
10 hours at 10 A
3. DASAR LISTRIK
8 CIRCUIT TESTER
1) Outline
(1) Measurement of alternating or direct-current voltage and current
(2) Measurement of resistance
(3) Discovery of electric circuit shorts, grounds, and disconnections

2) Structure

Measuring range Resistance measuring

scale
Alternating voltage
measuring range 0 point adjusting screw

Direct-current 0 point adjusting knob

voltage measuring
range
Positive side
measuring cord
Negative side
measuring cord

Negative side Direct current Positive side cord

terminal measuring range terminal
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3) Measuring voltage

Direct-current voltage 0 point adjusting screw

measuring range
Alternating voltage
measuring range

+
- + - + - + - +
Battery

OK
-
Battery Household-use
wall outlet
Direct current Alternating current
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Reading the tester
3. DASAR LISTRIK
4) Measuring current

0 point adjusting screw

Current up to 20A

Current up to 250mA

Tester
Tester
+ +
+ -
Battery

Battery + -
- -
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Reading the tester
3. DASAR LISTRIK
5) Measuring resistance

0 point adjusting knob

Tester
+ -

Battery
OFF
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Reading the tester
3. DASAR LISTRIK
G. KOMPONEN ELEKTRONIKA
3. DASAR LISTRIK
1. Resistor

Carbon film fixed resistor Symbol: RD

Fixed body resistor Symbol: RC

Resistor
tetap Insulated carbon film process resistor Symbol: RF
Resistor
Power type covered wire wound resistor Symbol: RW

Resistor
Variable
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Simbol-simbol pada Resistor

Normal
resistance
Properties value

H RD 1/2 P X 150k  G Resistance

Service value
objective Type Shape allowance

[%]
Rated
L X D : ±0.5
Carbon power(W) []
H when Y F : ±1
film 1/8
frequency Z [k]
fixed 1/4 G : ±2
is high P A [M]
resistor 1/2 J : ±5
B
1
K : ±10
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Fixed body resistor color code

4th color
3rd color
2nd color
1st color
Resistance value Resistance value
Color 2-digit number Multiplier allowance
1st color band 2nd color band 3rd color band 4th color band
0
Black 0 0 x10 -
1
Brown 1 1 x10 -
2
Red 2 2 x10 -
3
Orange 3 3 x10 -
4
Yellow 4 4 x10 -
5
Green 5 5 x10 -
6
Blue 6 6 x10 -
Purple 7 7 - -
Gray 8 8 - -
White 9 9 - -
-1
Gold - - x10 5%
-2
Silver - - x10 10%
No color - - - 20%
3. DASAR LISTRIK

2 0 x 10 2 ± 10%

Resistance value : 2,000

Resistance value allowance : ± 10%
3. DASAR LISTRIK
2) Fuses
Blade type Glass type

Housing Fusible strip

Terminal

Fusible strip

Terminal
Capacity 10% current 135% current 150% current
5A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
10A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
15A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
20A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
25A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 15 sec.
30A Mast fuse Fuses within 60 min. Fuses within 30 sec.
3. DASAR LISTRIK
(Reference)
Electric wire allowable current

Nomination
(cross-sectional Strand diameter mm Number of strands Outer diameter mm Allowable current A
area mm)
0.5 0.32 7 2.2 9
0.85 0.32 11 2.4 12
1.25 0.32 16 2.7 15
2 0.32 26 3.1 20
3 0.32 41 3.8 27
5 0.32 65 4.6 37
8 0.45 50 5.5 47
15 0.45 84 7.0 59
20 0.8 41 8.2 84
30 0.8 70 10.8 120
40 0.8 85 11.4 135
50 0.8 108 13.0 160
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3) Diodes
General distribution diode

Low voltage diode (Zener diode)

Diodes
Light-emitting diode

Photo diode

1 General distribution diode

3. DASAR LISTRIK
2 Zener diode
Properties of general rectifier diodes Zener diode properties

Germanium diode

Forward direction
5V Zener diode
Silicon diode
50

current (A)
Forward direction
current (A)

Reverse direction
voltage (V) Reverse direction
voltage (V)
-100 -5
0 1 0 1 2
Forward direction
Forward direction

Reverse direction
voltage (V)
voltage (V)

current (mA)
Reverse direction
current (mA)

50
3. DASAR LISTRIK
3 Light-emitting diode

P N

Hole Electron

Light
6. BASICS OF ELECTRICITY
4) Transistors
NPN type PNP type

C C
N P
B B
P N

N P
E E

Straight line
Emitter
protrusion

Emitter Collector Emitter Collector

Base Base
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Designation of Symbols

2 S C 154 A

Meaning of Twe-digit
One-digit Letter of Letter of
semiconductor or larger
number parts alphabet number alphabet
(Number of (Semiconductor S) (Application (Registration (Improvement
rectifier Indication) number) number)
Junctions)

0 … Photo transistor A … PNP high frequency use

1 … Diode B … PNP low frequency use
2 … 3-pole diode C … NPN high frequency use
4 … 4-pole diode D … NPN low frequency use
F … Thyristor
3. DASAR LISTRIK
5) Thermistors

Terminal
Negative
characteristic
thermistor

Positive
characteristic
thermistor
Resistance

Case

Temperature
Thermistor
3. DASAR LISTRIK

(+) (-)

A B
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Insulator

Variable condenser Air condenser (variable condenser)

Aluminum electrolytic condenser (AI condenser)
Condenser Tantalum condenser (Ta condenser)
(Capacitors)
Barium titanate condenser
Titanium dioxide porcelain condenser
Fixed condenser
Metallized paper condenser (MP condenser)
Plastic film condenser
Paper condenser
Mica condenser
3. DASAR LISTRIK
Condenser type

Titanium condenser

Tubular paper condenser Porcelain condenser

Mica condenser

Electrolytic condenser

Oil-impregnated
condenser

Variable air condenser