Chapter 12 - Solutions
Right now:
Make a list of solutions
1
Chapter 12 Assignments
• 12.1 Review 103/1-6
• 12.2 Review 105/1-4
• 12.3 Review 107/1-5
• 110/4-6
2
Types of Mixtures
• Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances in a single phase.
• Solvent – the substance in which the solute
dissolves.
• Solute – the substance, of which there is less,
that dissolves in the solvent.
• Suspensions – large particles in a solvent
where they settle out (because of gravity)
unless continually mixed.
• Colloids – mixtures where particles are larger
than those in a solution but smaller than in a
3
suspension.
Table 1 - Types of solutions
Solute State Solvent state Example
gas gas oxygen in nitrogen
gas liquid CO2 in water
liquid liquid alcohol in water
liquid solid Hg in Ag and Sn (dental
amalgam)
solid liquid sugar in water
solid solid Cu in Ni (alloy)
4
Table 2 – Classes of Colloids
Class of colloid Phases Example
Sol solid dispersed in liquid paints, mud
Gel solid network extending gelatin
throughout liquid
Liquid emulsion liquid dispersed in a liquid milk, mayonnaise
Foam gas dispersed in liquid sharing cream, whipped
cream
Solid Aerosol solid dispersed in gas smoke, auto exhaust
Liquid Aerosol liquid dispersed in gas fog, mist, clouds, aerosol
spray
Solid Emulsion liquid dispersed in solid cheese, butter
5
Testing for Colloids – Tyndal Effect
• A beam of light will pass through a solution
• A beam of light passed through a colloid will
scatter the light, making the beam visible.
• http://pixshark.com/tyndall-effect-fog.htm
6
Conduct Electricity?
• Electrolytes - Those solutions that will conduct
electricity.
• These are usually formed when ionic
compounds (such as NaCl) or when highly
polar molecules (such as HCl) are dissolved in
water.
• Nonelectrolytes – those that will NOT conduct
electricity. A sample is sugar (a nonpolar
colvalent substance) dissolved in water.
7
Thursday, 3.26.2015
• Extra Credit (3 points) – Draw a science
related picture/figure/? To enter in our Fine
Arts Festival. Due by Monday, 3/30.
• Lab 5 due tomorrow ASOP.
• Perform Lab 6 tomorrow. No prelab. Yeah!!!
Remember to bring 3 shiny pennies or else
you will have to scratch off oxidation with
steel wool.
• Needed today: pencil, 1 sheet paper
• Have Ch 12.1 review page on your desk and
quickly show me that you did it (both sides).
8
Factors Affecting Dissolving
• Temperature
• Surface Area
• Stirring
9
Temperature has an effect on solubility
20oC 210 g 30oC 210 g
sugar sugar
All the
Undis-
sugar is
100 mL
solved
100 mL dis-
H2O sugar H2O
solved
At higher temperatures:
- solid solutes (like salt and sugar) are more
soluble
- gases are less soluble
with an increase in surface area of the solute
12
Seltzer water is a
supersaturated solution
of CO2 in water
This solution is unstable, and
the gas “undissolves” rapidly
(bubbles escaping)
13
Solubility Values
• The solubility of a substance is the amount of
that substance required to form a saturated
solution with a specific amount of solvent at a
specified temperature.
Table 4 Solubility of Solutes as a Function of Temperature in g solute/100. g H20.
Substance 0 20 40 60 80 100
C12 H22 O11 179 204 238 287 362 487
Li2CO3 1.54 1.33 1.17 1.01 0.85 0.72
14
Like Dissolves Like
• Dissolving depends on:
• Bonding type
• Polar or nonpolar
• Intermolecular forces between solute and
solvent.
• Ionic compounds are generally soluble in
water and the ions become hydrated.
• Ionic compounds are generally NOT soluble in
nonpolar solvents.
15
Not everything dissolves in water. Why not?
16
Solvents
• Immiscible – liquids that are not soluble in
each other.
• Miscible – liquids that dissolve freely in one
another in any proportion.
• What solvents do you have at your house?
• Mineral oil, turpentine, paint remover, nail
polish remover
• Water is called the universal solvent because it
dissolves both ionic and covalent compounds.
17
Two special solvents
Ethanol and Toluene
• http://www.easychem.com.au/production-of-
materials/renewable-ethanol/ethanol-as-a-
solvent
• http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/che
micals.php?id=30
18
For each of these do the following
on paper.
• Chemical Name
• Chemical Formula
• Lewis Diagram (show lone pairs)
• Structural diagram (3 D)
• Polar or Nonpolar and why
• Uses
• Concerns (due eop)
19
Ethanol
Structural
Formula –
show lone
pairs on
this
Structural
formula
3D
20
Toluene
21
Water as a solvent
22
Reactions in liquids
Life involves many complex chemical reactions
that only occur in aqueous solutions!
24
Enthalpy of Solution
• The amount of energy released or absorbed at
heat when a specific amount of solute dissolves in
a solvent.
http://openstudy.com
http://blog.science-matters.org
25
12.3 Concentration & Solubility
26
There are several ways to express concentration
mass of solute (g )
concentration (g / L )
volume of solution (L )
mass of solute (g )
concentration (%) 100
mass of solution (g )
29
Calculate the molality, m of a solution containing 350.9
g of NaCl in 750.0 g of water. (Density of water is
1g/mL.)
30
What happens when you add 10 g of sugar to
100 mL of water?
10 g
sugar
100 mL
Water molecules H2O
dissolve sugar
molecules Conc. (%) = 10 g/110 g
31
What happens when you add 10 g of sugar to
100 mL of water?
34
Preparing a solution
How to prepare a 500.0 mL solution of a 1.0 M CaCl2 solution.
35
Preparing a solution
How to prepare a 500.0 mL solution of a 1.0 M CaCl2 solution.
110.98 g/mole 2. Use the formula mass of the solute to determine the
grams of solute needed.
1.0 mole 0.5 mole
1.0 M
1.0 L 0.5 L
36
Preparing a solution
How to prepare a 500.0 mL solution of a 1.0 M CaCl2 solution.
37
Preparing a solution
How to prepare a 500.0 mL solution of a 1.0 M CaCl2 solution.
38
Preparing a solution
How to prepare a 500.0 mL solution of a 1.0 M CaCl2 solution.
39
Preparing a solution
How to prepare a 500.0 mL solution of a 1.0 M CaCl2 solution.
40
Preparing a solution
How to prepare a 500.0 mL solution of a 1.0 M CaCl2 solution.
41
Ways to express concentration:
mass of solute (g )
concentration (g / L )
volume of solution (L )
mass of solute (g )
concentration (%) 100
mass of solution (g )
43
Two other ways to determine concentration:
g/L
% when comparing mass of solvent with mass of
solution
Methods to dissolve faster:
stirring, heating, smaller pieces (yielding
larger surface area)
44
Cleo,
Yours forever,
Tony
45
Antonio,
Cleopatra
46
Chapter 13
Ions in Aqueous Solutions
& Colligative Properties
Book Asgns:
458/1,2(a-f),3,5,8
459/18-20,22
459/26,28,37,39,41
47
Compounds in Aqueous Solutions
Reaction rate is generally dependent upon
concentration – greater concentration means
reaction occurs faster
Heat of solution – energy absorbed or released
when a solute dissolves in a particular solvent
exothermic, loss of energy (gives off energy)
or negative heat of solution (feels hot)
endothermic, energy absorbed (feels cold) or
positive heat of solution
48
Exothermic – energy lost
49
What changes is the enthalpy
50
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = –56 kJ/mole
∆Hreaction ∆Hsolution
= –56 kJ/mole = +56 kJ/mole
Opposite signs!
51
Solution vs. pure solvent
52
13.1 Compounds in Aqueous
Solutions
• Dissociation is the separation of ions that
occurs when an ionic compound dissolves.
• Ionization occurs when covalent compounds
dissolve in a solvent.
53
Electrolyte solutions
Aqueous solutions containing dissolved ions are able to conduct electricity
The greater the number of particles in solution, the greater the effects.
54
Table 1 General Solubility Guidelines
1. Sodium, potassium, and ammonium compounds are
soluble in water.
2. Nitrates, acetates, and chlorate are soluble.
3. Most chlorides are soluble, except those of silver, mercury
(I), and lead. Lead (II) chloride is soluble in hot water.
4. Most sulfates are soluble, except those of barium,
strontium, lead, calcium, and mercury.
5. Most carbonates, phosphates, and silicates are insoluble,
except those of sodium, potassium, and ammonium.
6. Most sulfides are insoluble, except those of calcium,
strontium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium.
55
• 436 Practice
56
Net Ionic Equations
Identify the precipitate that forms when aqueous solutions of potassium
sulfate and barium nitrate are combined. Write the net ionic equation.
2K+1(aq) + SO4 –2(aq) + Ba+2(aq) + 2NO3-1 (aq) --> 2K+1(aq) + 2NO3 -1(aq) +BaSO4 (s)
57
440 - Net Ionic Equations Practice. Solubility Chart needed.
1. Will a precipitate form if solutions of potassium
sulfate and barium nitrate are combined? If so,
write the net ionic equation for the reaction.
58
13.2 Colligative Properties of Solutions
59
Freezing point depression
Why does ice
melt when salt is
sprinkled on it?
Pure water freezes
at 0oC, but a water
and salt solution
freezes at a lower
temperature.
60
colligative property: physical property of a solution that depends
only on the number of dissolved solute particles not on the type (or
nature) of the particle itself. **
more less
Pure solvent
Solid formation is not
hindered
Entropy
Order
Solution
Solute particles “get in the
way” of solid formation
less more
Do not get
confused with
molarity, M
(moles solute / L of
solution)
62
Calculate the freezing point of a 1.8 m aqueous solution
of antifreeze that contains ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) as
the solute.
Asked: The freezing point of a 1.8 m solution of ethylene glycol
Given: molality, m = 1.8 m; Kf = 1.86oC/m (Kf , freezing point
depression for water, the solvent – see chart on pg
448.)
DTf Kf m
DTf Kf m 1.86o C m 1.8 m 3.35 oC
Freezing point of antifreeze solution 0 oC 3.35 oC 3.35 oC
65
Freezing Point Depression Problem: Use table
2, page 448.
3. If 0.500 mol of a nonelectrolyte solute are
dissolved in 500.0 g of ether, what is the
freezing point of the solution?
0.500 mol solute
0.500 kg ether
0.5 / 0.5 = 1 molal
D tf =? oC Kf ether = -l.79 oC / m
D tf = m Kf = (1 m )(-l.79 oC / m) = -l.79 oC
New freezing pt = (-116.3 – 1.79)oC = -118.1 oC
66
Ionization occurs when covalent compounds
dissolve in a solvent.
Water reacting with molecular compounds
containing H can release a H+ (a proton) and
form an H30+ ion (hydronium ion).
Sample:
67
Strength of Electrolytes
Strong Electrolytes dissolve well in aqueous
solution and conduct electricity well even when
in dilute solution. (HCl, HBr, HI)
-
HCl + H20 --> Cl + H30+
Weak Electrolytes don’t dissolve well in aq.
soln., conduct electricity poorly, and contain
ions and molecules.(HF, HC2H302)
HF + H20 H30+ + F –
HC2H302 + H20 H30+ + C2H302 -
68
Ch 13 Assignments
• From the book:
• 458/1,2(a-f),3,5,8
• 459/18-20,22
• 459/26,28,37,39,41
69
Reaction rates increase with:
increasing concentrations
increasing temperatures
70
Ch 12 & 13 Formula list continued:
mass of solute (g )
concentration (g / L )
volume of solution (L )
mass of solute (g )
concentration (%) 100
mass of solution (g )