Quiz (Lecture 5)

 Date: 14/3/2018 (Wednesday)

 Time: 2.15 pm
 Venue:
 DDK3 - P1, P2, P3
 DDK4 - P4, P5
 DDK5 - P6, P7
Lecture 9
Magnetism
 Outline of Lecture 9

1. Magnets and Magnetic Fields

2. Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields
3. Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field
4. Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic
Field
5. Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire
6. Solenoids and Electromagnets
 Magnetism

• Certain materials, called magnets, are known to have the

property of attracting tiny pieces of metal. This attractive
property is called magnetism.

Bar Magnets have two ends – poles –

S Magnet N called north and south poles.
Like poles repel; unlike poles
S attract.

N
The poles cannot exist
alone, but exists in pairs.
 Magnetic Field

We can picture the force surrounding a magnet as a

magnetic field.

A magnetic field forms a closed loop around the

magnet and inside the magnet. Hence, if you cut a
magnet in half, you don’t get an isolated north pole and
an isolated south pole – instead two magnets are
formed, which complete a closed loop.
Magnetic fields can be visualized using magnetic
field lines, which are always closed loops.
These The number
lines are at of lines are
a tangent proportional
to the to the
magnetic strength of
field the magnetic
field B.

A tiny compass can be

used as a ‘test
particle’ to show the
magnetic field lines
 Unlike poles attract Like poles repel
field lines leave N & enters S

A uniform magnetic field is constant in

magnitude and direction.

The field between these two

wide poles is nearly uniform: at
the edges it fringes out
somewhat.
 Electric Field Magnetic Field
Direction Force on +ve test charge ‘Test’ Compass
Field lines Begin and end on charges Form closed loops
Charges can exist North and south poles
individually exists together.
Forces Like charges repel, unlike Like poles repel, unlike
charges attract poles attract.

Natural phenomena caused by magnetic fields: aurora

displays or northern lights because solar particles are
directed towards the poles by the magnetic field of the
earth.
 Force on an Electric Current in a
Magnetic Field; Definition of B
When an electric current flows within a magnetic
field, it experiences a force, called the magnetic
force. The direction of the force is given by
another right-hand rule.
The force on the wire depends on the current I,
the length of the wire l, the magnetic field B, and
its orientation.

Unit of B: the tesla, T.

1 T = 1 N/A·m.
The magnetic force on the moving
charges pushes the wire to the right.

To represent an electric current or a

magnetic field that is pointing out of
the page or into the page, we use

ʘ or ⊗

which resembles a tip of an arrow

pointing towards the reader and a tail
of an arrow that points away from the
reader.
 Example 1

A wire 36.0 m in length, carries a current of 22.0 A

directed to the right. The magnetic field is
approximately uniform with a magnitude of
0.500 x 10−4 T, in the upward direction.
a) What is the magnitude and direction of the
force on the wire?
b) Calculate the gravitational force on the same
length of wire if it’s made of copper, and has a
cross sectional area of 2.50 x 10−6 m2. (Density
of copper = 8.92 x 103 kg/m3)
 Solution 1

FB  IlB sin 
 (22.0)(36.0)(0.500  10  4 )(sin 90)
 3.96  10  2 N out of the paper 

m  V  Al
  
 8.92  10 3 2.50  10 6 36.0 
 0.803 kg
FG  mg
 0.8039.8 Under normal circumstances, the gravitational force
on a current-carrying conductor is much greater than
 7.87 N the magnetic force due to Earth’s magnetic field.
 Example 2

A magnetic loop of wire hangs

vertically with ab = 10.0 cm long. A
magnetic field B is directed
horizontally, perpendicular to the
wire, pointing out of the page.
Assume a uniform field. The
downward magnetic force
F = 3.48 x 10-2 N when the wire
carries a current of I = 0.245 A.
What is the magnitude of the
magnetic field B?
 Solution 2

The magnetic force on the left vertical

section of wire points to the left and
the force on the right vertical section
points to the right. These two are
equal and opposite, hence cancelling
each other out. The net magnetic
force on the loop is that on the
horizontal section ab of length l =
0.100 m with θ = 900.

F 3.48 102
B   1.42 T
Il (0.245)(0.100)
 Example 3: Loudspeaker

The voice coil of a speaker has a diameter of

0.00250 m, contains 55 turns of wire, and is placed
in a 0.100 T magnetic field. The current in the
voice coil is 2.00 A. (a) Determine the magnetic
force that acts on the coil and the cone.

(b) The voice coil

and cone have a
combined mass of
0.0200 kg. Find
their acceleration.
 Solution 3

(a) F  ILB sin 

  2.00  55  0.00250    0.100  sin 90
 0.0864 N
(b) F 0.0864 N
a   4.32 m s 2
m 0.020 kg
Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a
Magnetic Field
The force on a moving charge is related to the
force on a current:
F  qvB sin 

Once again, the

 q 
direction is given by F    vt B sin 

t L
a right-hand rule.
I

F  ILB sin 
 Practice With Directions:
What is the direction of the force F on the
charge in each of the examples described
below?

X XF X X X X vX X
Up
X X Xv X X FX X X
+ Left +
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X

F
 
Up

v 
F
Right
- -
 
negative q v
 
 Path of charge in magnetic field

If a charged particle is moving perpendicularly to a

uniform magnetic field, its path will be a circle.

A positive charge inside the field A negative charge moves in the

opposite direction
The following conditions must be met for a
charge to experience a magnetic force when
placed in a magnetic field:
1. The charge must be moving.
2. The velocity of the charge must have a
component that is perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field.
 Problem solving: Magnetic fields –
things to remember
1. The magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction
of the magnetic field.
2. The right-hand rule is useful for determining
directions.
3. Equations in this chapter give magnitudes only. The
right-hand rule gives the direction.

“The magnetic force does not change the

speed of the charged particle, only its
direction”
 Example 4
Magnetic Forces on Charged Particles

A proton moves with a speed of 1.00 x 105 m/s through

Earth’s magnetic field, which has a value of 55.0 μT at a
particular location. When the proton moves to the right, the
magnetic force acting on it is directed straight upward, and
when it moves into the paper, no magnetic force acts on it.

a) What is the direction of the magnetic field and strength

of the magnetic force when the proton moves to the
right?
b) Suppose an electron is moving to the right in the same
magnetic field at a speed of 1.00 x 105 m/s. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on the
electron.
 Solution 4

(a) Into the paper.

No magnetic force acts on the proton when it’s going into
the paper, so the angle the proton makes with the
magnetic field direction must be either 0 or 180.
therefore, the magnetic field must point either into the
paper or out of the paper.

Applying the RHR, when the particle moves to the right,

the magnetic force is directed upward. Pointing your
thumb in the direction of the force (up), and your fingers
in the direction of the velocity (right). When you curl your
fingers, they point into the paper, which is the direction of
the magnetic field.
 Solution 4

(a) F  q o vB sin 


 1.60  10 19
1.00  10 55.0  10 sin 90.0 
5 6 

19
 8.80  10 N

(b) Magnitude is the same, but direction is opposite.

 Example 5
Magnetic Forces on Charged Particles

An unknown charge is projected with a velocity of

4.00 x 105 m/s from left to right into a 0.400 T B field
directed out of the paper. The perpendicular force of
5.00 x 10-3 N causes the particle to move in a clockwise
circle. What are the magnitude and sign of the charge?

By the right-hand rule, a downward force is produced

by a positive charge.
F = qvB sin ;

F 5 x 10-3 N
q  5
= 31.3 nC
vB (4 x 10 m/s)(0.4 T)
 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field

Charged The electrical

particle in force can do
an electric work on a
field. charged
particle.

Charged The magnetic

particle in force cannot
a magnetic do work on a
field. charged
particle.
 Circular Motion in B-field
The magnetic force F on a moving charge is
always perpendicular to its velocity v. Thus, a
charge moving in a B-field will experience a
centripetal force equal to the magnetic force.
2
v Centripetal Fc = FB

2
mv F m
FC  ; FB  qvB; c
r
R
2
v
FC  FB qvB  m
r r
mv
qB

mv
The radius of
r
the path is: qB
 Mass Spectrometer

The Physics of a Mass Spectrometer

Applications
 an instrument used to measure the masses and relative
concentrations of atoms and molecules
 Examples:
 Chemistry – identify unknown molecules produced in chemical
reactions
 Medicine – provide anesthesiologist information on the gases
in the patient’s lungs, including the anesthetic
 Physics – determine abundances
Mass Spectrometer Schematic

Anode

Ion accelerator Sample

Cathode

+ −
Velocity selector Ion beam

Detector

Deflection
chamber
Ion Accelerator
Used to accelerate ions to desired velocity.
 Atoms / Molecules are ionised in the ionisation chamber.
 The ions are then accelerated through a potential
difference, ΔV.
Electric potential energy is
+ − converted into kinetic energy to
do work to accelerate the charge.
+ EPE  KE
1 2
qV  mv
ΔV 2
Velocity Selector
Used to select ions with a specific velocity for analysis
 Ions pass through a region of crossed electric and
magnetic fields.
 Only ions of a particular velocity are allowed to pass
through undeflected.

Image: HyperPhysics (©C.R. Nave, 2017)

Velocity Selector (Cont.)
 When the force due to the electric field is equal but
opposite to the force due to the magnetic field, the
ion moves in a straight line.

Electric field Selected velocity

between the plates
FB  FE
V qvB  qE
E  d ΔV +
d E
v
B
 Example 6
Velocity Selector

In a mass spectrometer, singly charged ions are projected

at right angles using a velocity selector into a uniform
magnetic field of 0.400 T. Assuming the velocity selector
has the same magnetic field, what should the electric field
intensity of the velocity selector plates be to project ions at
the velocity of 1.17 x 105 m/s.

Bqv  qE
E  Bv  (0.4)(1.17 105 )  46800 N/C
Deflection Chamber
Used to separate ions according to their mass
 The ions move perpendicularly to a constant magnetic
field.
 A magnetic force perpendicular to the velocity of the ion
causes the ion to move in a semi-circular path.
The mass of the particle is
found by measuring the radius
FB  Fc
mv 2
qvB 
r
qBr Ions of different masses follow
m
v paths of different radii
 Example 7
Deflection Chamber

In a mass spectrometer, singly charged ions of mass

1.16 x 10−26 kg are projected at right angles with a velocity
of 1.17 x 105 m/s into a uniform magnetic field of 0.400 T.
What is the radius of the path it makes in the
spectrometer?
mv 2
Bqv 
r
mv (1.16 1026 )(1.17 105 )
r  19
 2.12 cm
Bq (0.4)(1.6 10 )
 Example 8
Mass Spectrometer

A Neon ion, q = 1.6 x 10−19 C, follows a path of radius

7.28 cm as shown in the diagram. Upper and lower
B = 0.500 T and E = 1.00 kV/m. What is its mass?

E 1000
+
v
E v   2000 m/s
q- x x
+ B Photographic
B 0.5
x x
x x plate mv 2
R Bqv 
x x
x x x x x x x R
slit x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x BqR (0.5)(1.6 1019 )(0.0728)
x x x x x x m m 
x x x x v 2000
 2.911024 kg
 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic
Fields
Experiments shows that an electric current
produces a magnetic field.
A simple way to remember the Moving
direction of the magnetic field is
called a right-hand rule. charges
With your thumb produce
pointing in the magnetic
direction of the
current, your
fields
fingers encircle the
wire in the
direction of the
magnetic field
lines.
 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire

The field is inversely proportional to the distance

from the wire:

The constant μ0 is called the permeability of free

space, and has the value:
 Example 9
Magnetic Field of a Long Wire

A long straight wire carries a current of 5.00 A. At one

instant, a proton, 4.00 mm from the wire, travels at a speed
of 1.50 km/s parallel to the wire, and in the same direction
as the current.
a) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field
created by the wire, at the position of the proton.
b) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force
the wire’s magnetic field exerts on the proton.
v

I
 Example 9
Magnetic Field of a Long Wire

o I
B
2r


4  10 7 5.00 
2 4.00  10 3 
 2.50  10  4 T into the page 

F  qvB sin 
   
 1.60  10 19 1.50  10 3 2.50  10  4 sin 90
 6.00  10  20 N down 
 The Solenoid

The magnetic B-field in a Permeability 

solenoid is similar to that N
S
of a bar magnet. The core
can be air or any material.

If the core is air: 0  4 x 10-7 Tm/A

The relative permeability r uses this value as a
comparison.
The relative permeability 
r  or    r 0
for a medium ( r ): 0
 Solenoids and Electromagnets

A solenoid is a long coil of wire. If it is tightly

wrapped, the magnetic field in its interior is almost
uniform: N
B   o nI   0 I
number of turns l
(N) per The
unit length (l) magnetic
field
outside is
negligible
 Example 10
Solenoid

A solenoid of length 20 cm and 100 turns carries a current

of 4 A. The relative permeability of the core is 12,000.
What is the magnetic induction of the coil?

   r 0 N = 100
20 cm
turns
 (12000)( 4 10 7 T A.m )
 0.0151 T A.m

NI T m
(0.0151 )(100)(4 A)
 I=4A
B  A
 30.2 T
l 0.200 m

A ferromagnetic core can significantly increase the B-field !

 Application: Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
Makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic
resonance to image nuclei of atoms inside the
body.
1. A powerful magnetic field produced by a
superconducting electromagnet is used to
align the magnetization of some ‘hydrogen’
atomic nuclei inside the body.
2. An RF coil transmits radio frequency waves
by pulses to alter the alignment of this
magnetization. Free water protons resonate
at 63 MHz at 1.5 teslas.
3. The nuclei returns to their previous The lower the water
alignments and release the energy content, the fewer the
absorbed as a signal back to the RF hydrogen atoms, the
scanner coil which is converted into digital weaker the signal, the
signals. darker the image of that
4. This information is used to construct an part of the tissue.
image of the area scanned.
 Application: Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
The MRI Scanner Gradient Magnets
permit scanning in any direction (x-y-z) so
you can see ‘slices’ of your body parts:
1. MRI scans can display more than 250
distinct shades of grey reflecting
variations in tissue density or water
content.
2. These distinctions allow radiologists to
see abnormal tissues such as tumors
in the body, injuries, nerve vessels,
etc..

herniated disc
compressing the nerves
of the spinal cord
 A LONG, STRAIGHT WIRE

o I
B
2 r
F  qvB sin 

 q 
F   

 L
t
vt B sin  o  4 10 7 T  m A
I

permeability of
F  ILB sin 
free space