pendekatan klinis
sesak : dyspnea, napas sulit,
difficult breathing
gejala (symptom) VS tanda (sign)
subyektif VS obyektif
gejala: pengalaman sensoris (sensasi),
yang hanya bisa dirasakan dan dinilai
oleh pasien
tanda: respiratory distress, pasien
terlihat sulit bernapas dgn terlibatnya
otot bantu (ekstra) napas
Pasien dengan
sesak
apa yang pertama terpikir ?
pneumonia !
tindakan apa yang dilakukan ?
beri O2 !
NOT THAT SIMPLE !
Pendekatan klinis
simptomatologi sesak
patofisiologi evaluasi
patologi etiologi
kerjasama 2 sistem:
respiratorik & kardiovaskuler
Fisiologi respirasi
4 langkah:
1. darah vena (CO2,O2) ke jantung
(atrium ka ventr ka), dipompa ke paru
2. darah vena melewati kapiler paru
difusi darah arteri (O2,CO2)
3. darah arteri kembali ke jantung (atrium
ki ventr ki), dipompa ke seluruh tubuh
4. pertukaran gas di tingkat sel
Fisiologi respirasi
1 & 3 : tugas sistem kardiovaskuler
2 : tugas sistem respiratorik & SKV
RESPIRASI EKSTERNAL
4 : aktivitas di tingkat sel
RESPIRASI INTERNAL
s respiratorik : produsen
s kardiovaskuler : distributor
organ / sel : konsumen
Respirasi eksternal:
difusi, perlu rasio V/Q optimal: 4/5 ~ 0,8
V=ventilasi, sejumlah volume udara melalui
sal respiratorik (L/mnt)
Q=perfusi, sejumlah volume darah melalui
vaskuler paru (L/mnt)
rasio ~4/5 sepadan, match, CO2O2
rasio ≠4/5 tdk padan, V/Q mismatch
klinis : sesak, respiratory distress
Respirasi eksternal:
fungsi (utama) sistem respiratorik:
fungsi VENTILASI
2 komponen ventilasi: flow & volume
flow : aliran udara melewati s respiratorik
volume : jumlah udara masuk s respiratorik
ggn flow: sesak, dg expiratory effort
ggn volume: sesak, dg inspiratory effort
Klasifikasi sesak
fisiologi, anatomik, kelainan
bronkiolitis
asma
aspirasi benda asing (padat)
patofisiologi evaluasi
patologi etiologi
patofisiologi evaluasi
patologi etiologi
FiO2
rasio V/Q
PaCO2
curah jantung
anemia berat
pirau kaki intrakardial
Tekanan O2 arteri rendah
FiO2
VENTILASI
PaCO2
PERFUSI
Patofisiologi
Patologi
Pencegahan
Menghindari faktor-faktor iritan
Pengobatan
Prinsip : obati kelainan dasar
Bila perlu simptomatik
Kesimpulan
Batuk :
Normal
- Disengaja
- Tidak disengaja (refleks)
Patologis
The cough receptor
could be stimulated by
Inflammatory mediators
Chemical irritants
Osmotic stimuli
Mechanical stimuli
Relative size of airborne
particles and gases (microns)
Particles
Pollens 10 - 100
Spores 6 - 60
Fungi 3 - 100
Cotton flax 2 - 100
Grain and wood dust 0.1 - 1000
Algae 0.5
Bacteria 0.3 - 0.5
Viruses 0.15 - 0.45
Tobacco smoke 0.01 - 1
Gases
SO2, CO, NO, NO2, NH4, CO2, O3, Hydrocarbons 0.0001 -
0.0006
Tussive agents in humans
Inflammatory Chemical Osmotic/low
Mechanical
Mediators irritants Cl- solution
Histamine Capsaicin Distilled water Bronchoconstriction
Bradykinin Nicotine Hypertonic saline Instrumentation
Prostaglandin E2 Metabisulfite Urea solution Lactose
Prostaglandin F2 Sulfur dioxide Sugar solution Aerosols
Cl gas Dust
Lobiline
Citric acid
Acetid acid
Acetylcholine
(Adapted from Fuller RW. Cough. In Crystal RG, West JB, Barnes PJ et al (eds).
The lung. Scientific Foundation. New York, Raven Press, 1991, with permission)
Cough receptor to be
located in file epithelium
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bifurcation of major bronchi
IMMUNE RESPONSE DEVELOPMENT
TH1 : TH2 BALANCE
Environment
• Poor sanitation • “Better” hygiene
• Crowding • “Better” homes
• Larger families ventilation
Indoor allergens
• Smaller families
TH1 • Pollution
e.g. diesel particulates
environmental tobacco smoke
Infections TH2
INTRAUTERINE
• ISS-ODN • ISS-ODN
ENVIRONMENT
e.g. TB e.g. GIT bacteria
• Viruses ? antibiotic
e.g. measles • Viruses
e.g. RSV, PIV3
• Parasites
Genetic predisposition provides a large heritable component to atop and asthma. With the intrauterine
environment predisposing infants to a TH2-like phenotype the impact of the external environment
Mekanisme
pertahanan saluran
napas
Sistem “Air conditioning”
Sistem “Prossesing”
Sistem “Transporting”
Sistem Imunologik
In the nose In the
Temp. in º C lung
60
50
40
30
20
10
- 10
1-1 2-1 3-1 3E
Water vapour content In the nose In the
Of the air g/m3 lung
40
30
Relative hygrometry
of surrounding air
%
97.1
20
%
73.4
%
36.4
10 %
23.3
%
13.1
5
0
Proses
humidifikasi
Rongga hidung Saluran napas bawah
33º – 34º C 37º C
Jenuh Jenuh
Primary bronchus
SMOG FOG
POLLEN &
FUNGAL SPORES
TOBACCO SMOKE
0.60 VIRUS
BACTERIA
TO
TA
L
PU
0.40 LM FUMES DUSTS
ON
AR
Y
0.20 TRA
CH
EO
BR
ON
CH
IAL
0
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0
5
Watery
Infection