Medical

Instruments
 Auto Analyser
✘ Auto-Analyser is used to measure
different fluids and their
characteristics especially diagnosis
of Human health
✘ This can involve placing test tubes of
sample into racks, which can be
moved along a track, or inserting
tubes into circular carousels that
rotate to make the sample available.
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✘ Some analysers require samples to
be transferred to sample cups.
However, the effort to protect the
health and safety of laboratory staff
has prompted many manufacturers
to develop analysers that feature
closed tube sampling, preventing
workers from direct exposure to
samples.,
AUTO ANALYSER

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 Artifical Pace MAKER
✘ A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker,
so as not to be confused with
the natural pacemaker of the heart)
is a medical device that generates
electrical impulses delivered
by electrodes to contract the heart
muscles and regulate the electrical
conduction system of the heart.
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✘ The primary purpose of a pacemaker
is to maintain an adequate heart
rate, either because the heart's
natural pacemaker is not fast
enough, or because there is a block in
the heart's electrical conductive
system.
✘ Modern pacemakers are externally
programmable and allow
a cardiologist to select the optimum
pacing modes for individual patients
 Artifical pacemaker
✘ Advantages:
✘ By regulating the heart's rhythm, a
pacemaker can often eliminate the
symptoms of bradycardia.
✘ This means individuals often have
more energy and less shortness of
breath. However, a pacemaker is
not a cure. It will not prevent or
stop heart disease, nor will it
prevent heart attacks
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✘ Disadvantages
✘ Infection where the pacemaker was
implanted.
✘ Allergic reaction to the dye or
anesthesia used during your
procedure.
✘ Swelling, bruising or bleeding at the
generator site, especially if you are
taking blood thinners
✘ Cost will be huge
Artifical pacemaker

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 Electroencephalography
✘ Electroencephalography (EEG) is
an electrophysiological monitoring
method to record electrical activity
of the brain. It is typically
noninvasive, with
the electrodes placed along
the scalp, although invasive
electrodes are sometimes used, as
in electrocorticography.
✘ EEG measures voltage fluctuations
resulting from ionic current within
the neurons of the brain.[
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✘ Clinically, EEG refers to the recording of the
brain's spontaneous electrical activity
over a period of time, as recorded from
multiple electrodes placed on the
scalp. Diagnostic applications generally
focus either on event-related potentials or
on the spectral content of EEG.
✘ The former investigates potential
fluctuations time locked to an event, such
as 'stimulus onset' or 'button press'. The
latter analyses the type of neural
oscillations (popularly called "brain
waves") that can be observed in EEG
signals in the frequency domain.
 Electroencephalography
✘ EEG is most often used to
diagnose epilepsy, which causes
abnormalities in EEG readings.[2] It is
also used to diagnose sleep
disorders, depth
of anesthesia, coma, encephalopathi
es, and brain death).
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✘ Despite limited spatial resolution, EEG
continues to be a valuable tool for
research and diagnosis. It is one of the few
mobile techniques available and offers
millisecond-range temporal resolution
which is not possible with CT, PET or MRI.
✘ . EEG used to be a first-line method of
diagnosis for tumors, stroke and other
focal brain disorders,[3][4] but this use has
decreased with the advent of high-
resolution anatomical imaging techniques
such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
and computed tomography (CT
Electroencephalography

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 Computed Tomography
✘ A CT scan or computed tomography
scan (formerly computerized axial
tomography scan or CAT
scan),makes use of computer-
processed combinations of many X-
ray measurements taken from
different angles to produce cross-
sectional (tomographic) images
(virtual "slices") of specific areas of a
scanned object, allowing the user to
see inside the object without cutting.
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✘ The term "computed tomography"
(CT) is often used to refer to X-ray CT,
because it is the most commonly
known form. But, many other types of
CT exist, such as positron emission
tomography (PET) and single-photon
emission computed tomography
(SPECT). X-ray tomography, a
predecessor of CT, is one form of
radiography, along with many other
forms of tomographic and non-
tomographic radiography.
 CT SCAN
✘ CT produces data that can be
manipulated in order to demonstrate
various bodily structures based on
their ability to absorb the X-ray
beam. Although, historically, the
images generated were in the axial
or transverse plane, perpendicular to
the long axis of the body, modern
scanners allow this volume of data to
be reformatted in various planes or
even as volumetric (3D)
representations of structures.
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✘ Although most common in medicine,
CT is also used in other fields, such as
nondestructive materials testing.
Another example is archaeological
uses such as imaging the contents of
sarcophagi or ceramics. Individuals
responsible for performing CT exams
are called radiographers or
radiologic technologists
CT Scan

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