READING AND

WRITING SKILLS
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

At the end of the module, the student is expected to:

1. Distinguish between and among techniques in selecting and
organizing information:
a. Topic outline
b. Sentence outline
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Outline
One of the
alsobasic
givesskill
the to
basic
learn
overview
in writing
Outlining of compositions.
your whole written
According
work.
to Dagdag
This technique
(2010), “outlining
is used for you
is a reading
to keep skill
in track
used of what you’re
in taking down
notes from a reading material.” It enhances your written work by
writing.
arranging your gathered information in to a coherent order.
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

THREE KINDS OF OUTLINE

(DAGDAG, 2010)

Topic outline Sentence Outline Paragraph Outline

 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Lists topics in words, phrases

TopicorOutline
fragments. It is important to take
note of the form of the heading as you need to ensure that each
are parallel with one another. For example, if the primary topic is
a noun, the rest of the topics must be nouns.
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

From the term itself, isSentence

a type of outline
Outlinewherein each topic and
subtopic are presented in complete sentences.
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

A type of sentence outline in which

Paragraph instead of a specific main
Outline
topic, each heading and subtopic contains a brief summary of
what the content of that particular part will be.
 PRE-WRITING STRATEGIES

SUGGESTIONS IN CREATING AN OUTLINE

TIONGSON (2016)

Particular
Unreliable
Always
Review
The second
First, all
third
Filter
Main
Group details
or
remember
level
topics
your unsupported
level
of
identifythe
to
the
may
gathered
must
similar be
ideasthat must
comprises
main
create evidence
ideas,
aof
purpose
vary on
labeled be
of
information included
thesis
your
content.
using
together. must
subtopics,
the be
paper,
into
Name asyour
subtopics
statement
These
Roman
the what are
is
groups
evidence
removed
that
within
target
the
needed, from
willto
supporting
each the
the
suggest
ideas
main
audience,
supporting
Numerals.
what
according This
to supporting
outline.
and
topic.
what
your
isideas
will
itsnot, how If
yourideas
Label
theythere
paper
objective,
to your
serve
what as
should
significancethe
andsuch
is
the
subtopics.
first
be as
another
contribute
themwill
usingcontain.
added to
level that
perspective
Ensure
and
contribution of
secondary
solid
in
that
what
your
to evidence
which
they
the information,
of
you
are
should
outline.
main be that
uppercase/capital
formation your
will maygraphs,
indicated
Take
removed.
topic. note
This be
is proven
letters.
paper
write and
the
of quotes
ifbelow
paper
right
logical
also credible,
would
and
the and
fulfill
theto
that it
tone
arrangements
time
others,
may
that
of be added,
must
purpose
delivery.
appropriate
each
arrange be
ifyour
of classified
necessary.
subtopic
entry.
them into paper.
where
general under
it the
and supporting
belongs
topics and
specific
ideas they
labeled
topics. belong
using with.
Arabic This will be the
numbers.
outline’s forth level and labeled using
lowercase letters.
 PRE-WRITING STRATEGIES

CHARACTERISTICS OF OUTLINE
DAGDAG (2016)

Logical
ParallelSubordination
Sample:
Mechanics- Always make
Structure –sure
– each the subtopic
thatmust
level must
you use be
proper
be of the
related
I. First to the –
Level
capitalization
same grammaticalmain
and topic
Main Ideabut
structure. itexample,
1 For
punctuations. should not
Remember that
in
exceed
in or
A. be equal
Second
constructing
topic outline, if to the
aLevel
topic
the main
–outline, topic
Subtopic
first main 1 inis
there
topic terms
no of
in the
importance.
B. Second
punctuation
noun phrase at the
form, Level – Subtopic
endsubsequent
the of it. 2
main topics
1. Third
must be noun Level
phrases as –well.
Supporting Idea
a. Fourth Level – Particular
details
II. First Level – Main Idea 2
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Developing effective paragraphs

Paragraph – a group of related sentences that leads to a single

topic or idea. An effective paragraph is characterized by unity,
coherence and emphasis.
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Developing effective paragraphs

UNITY - an effective paragraph shows the unity of the sentences

used in developing the main idea. A paragraph is made up of the
topic sentence which contains the main idea, the supporting
details and the conclusion or the clinching sentence at the end.
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Parts of a Paragraph

Clinching
Topic
Supporting
sentence – reveals
Sentence
Details ––gives
closes
the
theyour
main
paragraph
paragraph.
or central
life idea
as
According
it of
elaborates
the to on
paragraph.
the
Dagdag
scope(2010),
given this
It does “may
by not
the besentence.
a restatement
necessarily
topic have to beof placed
the topicat sentence,
the
a summary,
beginning ofor a paragraph.
the conclusion based
It may on
be the supporting
found details.”
in the middle of the
first and the last sentence or at the end. If it is found at the end of
the paragraph, it may be used as a clinching or concluding
sentence
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Developing effective paragraphs

COHERENCE – a well-written paragraph has continuity. The

transition of one word to another, and a sentence to another must
make sense for the reader to follow your thoughts. The ideas
must stick together.
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Orderly Movement

Order––Order
LogicalOrder
Space
Chronological there–are
where ideas
an two
orderly
aretypes
arranged
arrangement
of logical
fromorder
the
of ideas
nearest
in which
which
toa is
farthest,
according
writer may inside
to
usewhat
to expand
outside,
came first.
his
leftThis
ideas,
to right,
may
without
and
be from
other
using
past
orders
neither
to present,
relating to
space
last
chronology
to latest,orand
space.
so on. This type of order is often used in
narratives, a. process
Deduction order – arranges
description and historical
the supporting
accounts.details
from the general idea to the specific.
b. Induction order – starts from the specific idea/s before
expanding to the general one.
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

Structural Devices

Use ofuse
Repetition
Clear transitional
of
of akey
pronoun
words – emphasizes
expressions
referringortodevices
a key –
thenoun
importance
considered
in the first
ofasthevital
main
idea.
sentence.
for essays
To achieve
and compositions,
coherence, thetransitional
writer puts
devices
the idea
areand
usedits to
synonyms
relate one sentence
several time
to another,
on his/herforming
paragraphs.
a logical organization of
Pronouns may be classified into three: personal (I, me, you, she,
thoughts.
her, he, him), demonstrative (this, that, these, those) and relative
(who, whose, whom, which, that).
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To express agreement, to add ideas and to

express similarity

In the first place

Too To say nothing
Furthermore
of Uniquely
Not only ….. But Moreover
also Equally important
Additionally Like
As a matter of fact
As well as By the same token As
In like manner Together with Again
In addition Of course To
Coupled with Likewise And
In the same fashion
Comparatively
/ way Also
First, second, third
Correspondingly
Then
In the light of Similarly Equally
Not to mention Identically
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To indicate opposition, limitation and

contradiction

Although
As much this
as may be trueNevertheless
Then again
InEven
contrast
though Nonetheless
Above all
Different
Although from Regardless
But
OfInstead
course … but Notwithstanding
(and) still
OnWhereas
the other hand Unlike
OnDespite
the contrary Or
AtConversely
the same time (and) yet
InOtherwise
spite of While
Even
However
so / though Albeit
BeRather
that as it may Besides
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To present or state cause, condition, or

purpose

In the
As event that Owing
In order
to to
Granted
Since
(that) In Seeing
as much/ as
being that
As / While
as long as DueIntoview of
On (the)
Lest condition (that) If
For the
In case
purpose of … then
With Provided
this intention
that unless
With Given
this in
that
mind When
In the
Only
hope
/ even
that if Whenever
To the
So end
thatthat While
For fear
So asthat
to Because of
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To give examples, support, or emphasis

In other
Markedly
words In Important
fact to realize To explainNotably
To put
Such
it as
differently In Another
general key point To enumerate
Including
For one
Especially
thing In First
particular
thing to remember Like
As anExplicitly
illustration In Most
detailcompelling evidence To be sure
In this
Specifically
case ForMust
example
be remembered Namely
for Expressly
this reason ForPoint
instance
often overlooked Chiefly
To put
Surprisingly
it another way To To
demonstrate
point our Truly
That frequently
is to say To On
emphasize
the positive side Indeed
With Significantly
attention to To On
repeat
the negative side Certainly
By all
Particularly
means To With
clarify
this in mind Surely
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To display the effect, consequence or result

As a result Therefore
Under those circumstances Thereupon
In that case Forthwith
For this reason Accordingly
In effect Henceforth
For
Thus
Because the
Then hence
Consequently
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To state the conclusion, summary, or

restatement

As Overall
can be seen Ultimately
After all
Generally
Ordinarily
speaking Definitely
In fact
In Usually
the final analysis In summary
AllBy
things
the large
considered In conclusion
As To
shown
sumabove
up In short
In On
thethe
long
whole
run In brief
Given
In any
these
event
points In essence
As In
haseither
been noted
case To summarize
In All
a word
in all On balance
ForObviously
the most part Altogether
 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To express time, chronology, sequence

At the
Once
present time Meanwhile
In a moment Now that Later
From About
time to time Further
Without delay Instantly Last
Sooner
Next
or later During
In the first place Presently Until
At the
Nowsame time In All
timeof a sudden Occasionally
Till
Up toFormerly
the present time Prior
At this
to instant Since
To begin
Suddenly
with Forthwith
First. Second Then
In due
Shortly
time Straightaway
Immediately Before
As soon
Henceforth
as By Quickly
the time Hence
As long
Whenever
as Whenever
Finally Since
In the
Eventually
meantime Until
After
now When
SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION

To indicate space, location and place

In the
Downmiddle Alongside
Opposite to
To the
Up left / right Amid
Here
In front
Under of Among
There
On this
Further
side Beneath
Next
In the
Beyond
distance Beside
Where
HereNearby
and there Behind
From
In the
Wherever
foreground Across
Over
In the
Around
background Near
In the
Between
center of Above
Adjacent
Beforeto Below