AREA

COMPUTATION
Area
The method of computation of area depends upon the shape
of the boundary of the tract and accuracy required. The area of
the tract of the land is computed from its plan which may be
enclosed by straight, irregular or combination of straight and
irregular boundaries.

When the boundaries are straight the area is determined by

subdividing the plan into simple geometrical figures such as
triangles, rectangles, trapezoids, etc.

For irregular boundaries, they are replaced by short straight

boundaries, and the area is computed using approximate
methods when the boundaries
are very irregular.
𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 𝑂𝐹 𝐶𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸 = ෍ 𝐿2 + ෍ 𝐷2
1. Area by Triangle
Method
A = A 1 + A 2 + A3
d d Sinα
A1 = 1 2
2

d3d4Sinβ
A2 =
2

d5d6Sin∅
A3 =
2
 2. AREA BY
COORDINATES
2A = -[Y1(X5-X2)+Y2(X1-
X3)+Y3(X2-X4)+Y4(X4-
X5)+Y5(X4-X1)

OR

2A =
Y1X1+Y3Y2+X4Y3+X5Y4+X1Y5-
X1Y2-X2Y3-Y3Y4-X4Y5-X5Y1

OR

𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3 𝑋4 𝑋5 𝑋1
2A=
𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑌3 𝑌4 𝑌5 𝑌1
 3. AREA BY DOUBLE MERIDIAN
DISTANCE

Computation of D.M.D.
Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to
the departure of the course.
Rule 2: The DMD of any other course is equal to
the DMD of the preceding course, plus
the departure of the course itself.
Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is
numerically equal to the departure of
that course, but with the opposite sign.

Double Area = D.M.D. x latitude

4. AREA BY DOUBLE PARALLEL METHOD

Computation of D.P.D.
Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of
the course.
Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the p
receding course, plus the latitude of the preceding
course, plus the latitude of the course itself.
Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the
latitude of that course but with the opposite sign.

Double Area = D.P.D. x Departure

Midpoint-ordinate rule
The rule states that if the sum of all the ordinates taken at midpoints of each division
multiplied by the length of the base line having the ordinates (9 divided by number
of equal parts).

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/midpoint-ordinate-rule.jpg

In this, base line AB is divided into equal parts and the ordinates are measured in the
midpoints of each division.
Area = ([O1 +O2 + O3 + …..+ On]*L)/n
L = length of baseline
n = number of equal parts, the baseline is divided
d = common distance between the ordinates
Average Ordinate Rule
The rule states that (to the average of all the ordinates taken at each of the division of
equal length multiplies by baseline length divided by number of ordinates).

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Average-Ordinate-Rule.jpg

O1, O2, O3, O4….On ordinate taken at each of division.

L = length of baseline
n = number of equal parts (the baseline divided)
d = common distance
Area = [(O1+ O2+ O3+ …. + On)*L]/(n+1)
Simpson’s Rule
Statement
It states that, sum of first and last ordinates has to be done. Add
twice the sum of remaining odd ordinates and four times the sum of
remaining even ordinates. Multiply to this total sum by 1/3rd of the
common distance between the ordinates which gives the required
area.
Where O1, O2, O3, …. On are the lengths of the ordinates
d = common distance
n = number of divisions

Note:
This rule is applicable only if ordinates are odd, i.e. even number of
divisions.
If the number of ordinates are even, the area of last division maybe
calculated separated and added to the result obtained by applying
Simpson’s rule to two remaining ordinates.
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
In this method, boundaries between the ends of ordinates are assumed to be
straight. Thus the area enclosed between these line and the irregular boundary
lines are considered as trapezoids.