“SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”

“Three Types of Rocks”

1. Igneous Rocks;
a.) Intrusive
b.) Extrusive

2. Metamorphic Rocks;
a.) Foliated
b.) Non-Foliated

3.) Sedimentary Rocks;

a.) Clastic
b.) Non-Clastic
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
There are 2 ways sedimentary rocks are formed
1. Clastic are made from sediments glued
together
2. Non-clastic: not glued together---include
chemical & biochemical/organic
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS WILL CONTAIN FOSSILS.
 What is a Fossil?

A fossil is the naturally preserved remains or

traces of animals or plants that lived in the
geologic past. There are two main types of
fossils; body and trace. Body fossils include the
remains of organisms that were once living and
trace fossils are the signs that organisms were
present (i.e. footprints, tracks, trails, and
burrows).
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORM IN LAYERS
CALLED STRATA

Oldest rocks are on the

bottom….youngest on top
This is a good example of Stratification
 THE 2 CLASSES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1. CLASTIC Sedimentary Rocks are made from
sediments that come from pre-existing rocks that have
been weathered (breaking down into smaller pieces)
and eroded (transported away) then glued together.

The 2 types of weathering include physical (only size

changes) and chemical (a new substance is formed).
 Sediments range in size from tiny pieces of clay to sand,
to pebbles, and to stuff as big as boulders

Clastic rocks form in a process called lithificaton which

means compaction and cementation are occurring
Here’s How They Form:
•Layers of sediment are deposited at the bottom of oceans
and lakes
•As the layers build one on top of another, the pressure on
the bottom layers COMPACTS the sediments together

•In the empty spaces between sediments, natural glues, like

calcite, CEMENT the sediments together

Demo
of
Sedimentator
Look at the processes
that are occurring in
this animation
Clastic Process
 Examples of clastic sedimentary rocks include

CONGLOMERATE
BRECCIA

SHALE SANDSTONE
 2. Non-Clastic contain 2 types:
chemical and biochemical

CHEMICAL Sedimentary Rocks are made from mineral

crystals that formed from chemicals dissolved in water.

Here’s How They Form:

•The water in the oceans, lakes,
and underground is often full of
dissolved minerals like halite and
calcite.

•Water evaporates leaving the

solids behind: rock salt is formed
when salt is left after evaporation
and limestone is formed when
calcite is left behind
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks are also formed in caves
where mineral-rich water drips from the ceiling, creating
stalactites and stalagmites made out of limestone

Limestone

Limestone Cave

Examples of chemical
sedimentary rocks
include limestone and
rock salt
 BIOCHEMICAL OR ORGANIC Sedimentary Rocks are
made from remains of once-living plants or animals
(organic matter)
•will be found near areas of lots of biological activity
•this is the sedimentary rock type with the most fossils

Biochemical sedimentary rocks include: coquina, chalk,

coal and limestone

CHALK
Made from dead COAL
COQUINA animals Made from
Made from LIMESTONE
dead plants
shells with
fossils in it
 “CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”
BRECCIA; CONGLOMERATE;
 “CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”
SANDSTONE; SHALE;
 “CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”
SILTSTONE;
 “ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”

COAL-ANTHRACITE;
 “CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”
CHERT; DOLOMITE;
 “CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”
FLINT-NODULE; HALITE (rock salt);
 “CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS”
HEMATITE (iron ore);