PRESENTED BY MUHAMMAD WAQAS KHAN

REG.NO 2K18-FT-MSC-STR-08

PRESENTED TO DR.QAISAR UZ ZAMAN

PRESENTATION TOPIC SOIL LIQUEFACTION

 PRESENTAION CONTENTS

 Introduction to Liquefaction

 Types of soils prone to Liquefaction

 Factors Affecting the soil Liquefaction

 Effects of soil liquefaction

 Ground Failure Types

 Mitigation methods
 Introduction
 Soil liquefaction???

 It describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses

strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, usually earthquake shaking or other
sudden change in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid.

 In a more general manner, soil liquefaction has been defined as the transformation from a
solid state to a liquefied state as a consequence of increased pore pressure and reduced
effective stresses.
 SOIL WHICH CAUSE LIQUEFACTION

 Poorly drained fine-grained soils such as sandy, silty, and gravelly soils are the most
susceptible to liquefaction.

 Granular soils are made up of a mix of soil and pore spaces.

 When earthquake shock occurs in waterlogged soils, the water-filled pore spaces
collapse, which decreases the overall volume of the soil.
Introduction
 Factors Affecting the Soil Liquefaction

 Since liquefaction is associated with the tendency for soil grains to rearrange when sheared,

 1.Stress history plays an important role in determining the liquefaction resistance of a soil.

 2.Over-consolidated soils are more resistant to liquefaction.

 3.Soil subjected to past cyclic loading are more resistant to liquefaction.
 4.Clays with measurable plasticity are not prone to liquefaction.

 5. High permeable soil will cause liquefaction.

 Effects of Soil Liquefaction

The effects of soil liquefaction on the built environment can be extremely damaging.

 Buildings whose foundations bear directly on sand will result irregular settlement due to

liquefaction.

 The irregular settlement of ground may also break underground utility lines.

 The upward pressure of liquefied soil can crack weak foundation slabs.
 Effects of Soil Liquefaction

 Bridges and large buildings constructed on pile foundations may lose support from the

adjacent soil and buckle, after shaking.

 manholes may float in the liquefied soil due to buoyancy.

 Earth embankments and earth dams may lose stability or collapse due to liquefaction.
 Ground Failure Resulting from Soil Liquefaction
 Sand boils, which usually result in subsidence and relatively minor damage.

 Flow failures of slopes involving very large down-slope movements of a soil mass.

 Lateral spreads resulting from the lateral displacements of gently sloping ground.

 Ground oscillation where liquefaction of a soil deposit beneath a level site leads to back and
forth movements of intact blocks of surface soil.

 Loss of bearing capacity causing foundation failures.

 Buoyant rise of buried structures such as tanks.

 Ground settlement, often associated with some other failure mechanism.

 Failure of retaining walls due to increased lateral loads from liquefied backfill soil or loss of
support from liquefied foundation soils.
 Effects of Soil Liquefaction

Figure shows overturned buildings in the Niigata Earthquake, which occurred on June 20, 1964 in Japan with a Richter
magnitude of 7.7. The buildings in the picture remained relatively intact but rotated as whole structures because of the
land-sliding under their foundations. The land-sliding was determined to have been caused by soil liquefaction.
 Effects of Soil Liquefaction

Liquefaction allowed this sewer to float upward – 2004 Chūetsu earthquake

 Effects of Soil Liquefaction

The effects of lateral spreading The effect of liquefaction in Christchurch, New Zealand, during the
(River Road following the 2011 Mw 6.3 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake
Christchurch earthquake)
 Mitigation methods
 Methods to mitigate the effects of soil liquefaction have been devised by
earthquake engineers and include various soil compaction techniques.

 1.Dynamic compaction

 2. Vibro compaction

 3.Low mobility (compaction) grouting

 Mitigation methods
1. Dynamic compaction

 It uses the energy from a falling weight to improve granular soils and fills.

 Dynamic compaction is a ground improvement technique that densifies soils and fill
materials by using a drop weight.

 The drop weight, typically steel, is lifted by a crane and repeatedly dropped onto the
ground surface.

 Vibrations transmitted below the surface improve soils at depth.

 The drop locations are typically located on a grid pattern, the spacing of which is
determined by the subsurface conditions and foundation loading and geometry.
 Mitigation methods

Dynamic compaction for a wind farm project Dynamic compaction for a waste-to-energy facility
in Spring Hill, Florida.
 Mitigation methods
2. Vibro compaction
 The vibrator is typically hung from a crane and lowered vertically into the soil
under its own weight and vibrations.

 Penetration is usually helped by water jets integrated into the vibrator assembly.

 After reaching the bottom of the treatment zone, the soils are densified as the
vibrator is raised in lifts.

 The treated soils have increased density, friction angle and stiffness.

 It densifies clean, cohesion less granular soils with a downhole vibrator.

 Mitigation methods

Vibro compaction to densify loose, silty sands for an interim spent fuel cask storage pad in Braceville, Illinois.
 Mitigation methods

Vibro Compaction improved the bearing capacity of the loose, sandy soils and mitigated
liquefaction potential for construction of a 117,000 sq ft retail store on shallow foundations.
 Mitigation methods
3.Low mobility (compaction) grouting
 It is the injection of a low slump, mortar grout to densify soil or fill subsurface voids.

 When performing soil improvement, an injection pipe is first inserted typically to the
maximum treatment depth.

 The grout is then injected as the pipe is slowly removed in lifts, creating a column of
overlapping grout bulbs.

 Low Mobility Grouting densifies loose granular soils (Compaction Grouting), reinforces fine
grained soils, and stabilizes subsurface voids
 Mitigation methods

Low mobility grouting used to fill voids beneath wind turbine foundations.
 Mitigation methods

Low mobility grouting to densify the soils and mitigate liquefaction for a planned addition to a hospital in Harlem, NYC.
THANK YOU