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PRACTICAL

RESEARCH
2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Content Standard Performance Learning Competencies
Standard

The learner demonstrates


understanding The learner can The learner …
of: …
1. describes characteristics,
1. the characteristics, decide on strengths, weaknesses, and kinds
strengths, weaknesses, suitable of quantitative research
and kinds of quantitative CS_RS12-Ia-c-1
quantitative research research in 2. illustrates the importance of
2. the importance of different quantitative research across fields
quantitative research areas of CS_RS12-Ia-c-2
across fields interest. 3. differentiates kinds of variables and
3. the nature of variables their uses
CS_RS12-Ia-c-3
Activity 1 (by group)

Differentiate Inquiry from Research


Abstraction
• Inquiry, a term that is synonymous with the word
‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you
tend to ask questions to probe or examine something
(HOTS questions)
• Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive
manner of thinking, starting from particular to more
complex ideas, execute varied thinking acts that range
from lower-order to higher order thinking strategies
reflected by the steps in the research process.
Application
Determine whether inquiry or research is applicable to the given situations:
1. A person wants to know the occupant of one condominium.
2. A student wants to know the medicinal effects of guava leaves.
3. Mr. Cruz wants to know the technique to make his electric fan function
instantly.
4. Professor Gomez wants to discover the impact of social networking on his
students’ learning abilities.
5. Aling Rosa wants to know the reason behind the decrease of her sales for the
day.
6. A businessman wants to find out which between these two marketing
strategies: free tasting and attractive packaging could increase daily sales.
Qualitative VS Quantitative
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
What is research?
• Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge
Keywords: systematic (with a system or method, the scientific
method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge
creation (a creative process)
What is quantitative research?
• Uses quantities and numbers (scores, ratings,
frequencies, percentages, prices) to denote particular
thing
• Numerical – pertaining to or denoting a number or symbol to
express characteristics of the thing being studied
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

• Objective research, only the real or factual, not the


emotional or cognitive existence of the object
matters greatly to the artist

• analogous to scientific or experimental thinking


Activity 2
Classify the following word/group of words if it is strength or weakness of
quantitative research:
Precise Uses Statistical Tool Inadequacy of Numbers
Less than 100% Accuracy Assumptions in Statistical Methods
Less prone to sampling bias Error can be Computed

QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

Strengths Weaknesses
Strengths of Quantitative Research
• Precision of numbers
• Level of significance (statistical) can be determines – that results are
not due to chance alone
• Sample is less prone to sampling bias
• Error can be computed, e.g., sampling error
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Inadequacy of numbers for total picture and depth of analysis
• Less than 100% accuracy in sampling, instrument construction and
administration
• Assumptions in statistical methods
Addressing Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Rigor in doing quantitative research procedures

• Addition of qualitative analysis using quotes of subjects (persons


from whom data are collected) to support statistical results
What is a variable?
• A variable varies and has values. The values of variables under
study are the research data.

• Are these variables?


chair
shape of table
tweet
shirt style
KINDS OF DATA (VALUES OF VARIABLE)
1.Ratio Data: most precise, e.g., 0-100 Zero is
zero Examples: temperature, age, height,
weight
1.Interval Data: numbers have equal interval, zero is not
necessarily zero
Examples: test score, rating
3.Ordinal Data: ranks; intervals may not be equal; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, …
4.Categorical Data: least precise – categories
Examples: male/female, Catholic/Protestant/Muslim
Classification of Quantitative Research
Two Kinds:
• Experimental
• true experimental, quasi-experimental, single subject,
& pre-experimental
• Quasi-experimental: matched comparative group, time
series, and counterbalanced quasi-experimental
• Non-experimental
• survey, historical, observational, correlational,
descriptive, and comparative research
Common Kinds of Quantitative Research

• Descriptive survey
does not manipulate variables, describes patterns of data in
percentages, mean, median, and mode

• Correlation Causal
Correlation study determines relationship between two
variables: positive or negative; high, moderate, or low
relationship
Causal study determines causation, dependence of variable on
one or more variables, stronger relationship than correlation
Common Kinds of Quantitative Research
• Experimental (many designs)
True Experimental Design
Where:
R = randomly sampled individuals in group O1 = pretest (before treatm
X = treatment or intervention
O2 = posttest (after treatment)
O
Experimental Group R O1 X 2
O
Control Group R O1 2
Common Kinds of Quantitative Research
•Quasi-Experimental (intact groups)
Where:
O1 = pretest X1 = treatment or intervention

O2 = posttest X2 = existing condition with slight changes


Two Group Pretest-Posttest Design
X1
Experimental Group O1 O2
Control Group O1 X2 O2
Quantitative vs Qualitative Research
Standards Qualitative Quantitative

Mental survey of reality Results from social Exists in the physical


interactions world

Cause-effect relationship Explained by people’s Revealed by automatic


objective desires descriptions of

circumstance or

conditions

Researcher’s involvement Subjective; sometimes Objective; least


with the object or subject personally engaged involvement by the

of the study researcher


Quantitative vs Qualitative Research
Standards Qualitative Quantitative

Expression of data, data Verbal language (words, Numerals, statistics


analysis, and findings visuals, objects)

Research plan Takes place as the Plans all research aspects


research proceeds before collecting data

gradually

Behavior toward research Desires to preserve the Control or manipulation


aspects/ conditions natural setting of of research conditions by

research features the researcher

Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods Scientific method


Quantitative vs Qualitative Research
Standards Qualitative Quantitative
Purpose Makes social intentions Evaluates objective and
understandable examines cause-effect
relationships

Data-analysis Thematic codal ways, Mathematically based


Technique competence-based method

Style of expression Personal, lacks formality Impersonal, scientific,


or systematic

Sampling technique More inclined to purposive Random sampling as


sampling or use of chosen the most preffered
samples based on some criteria
Activity 3 (Group Output)

Formulate quantitative research questions out of given qualitative


questions:

1. What noontime TV program ranks as the most watched program all


over the Philippines?

2. What stand did the student leaders express about their school’s
new policy on tardiness and absences of students?
Research Title Predictor Variable Criterion Variable

Relationship of Leadership
Styles and Levels of
Satisfaction of Customers
of Selected Restaurants
Profile of Parents and
Family Bonding: Their
Influence on Study Habits
and Achievement Level
Types of Business and
Managerial Skills Towards
Profitability Level of
Canteens
Disciplinary Mechanisms
and Behavioral Changes
Among Senior High School

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