“Digital Computer”

For More Contents, do subscribe to my channel

on you tube as,

”Tech_Guru Swapnil Kaware”

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)
“Digital Computer”

Presented By,
Er. Swapnil V. Kaware,
B.E. (Electronics), M.E. (Electronics)
svkaware@yahoo.co.in
 What is digital computer?.
• A digital computer is machine that stores data in a
numerical format and performs operations on that data
using mathematical manipulation.

• This type of computer typically includes some sort of

device to store information, some method for input and
output of data, and components that allow
mathematical operations to be performed on stored
data.

• It can be used as a multipurpose, programmable, clock-

driven, register-based electronic device.
 What is digital computer?.
• It accepts digital data as input, then it processes it
according to the instructions stored in its memory, and
provides the results as an output.

• A digital computer, however, stores all data as numbers

and performs operations on that data arithmetically.

• Most computers use binary numbers to store data, as the

ones and zeros that make up these numbers are easily
represented with simple on-off electrical states.
Block diagram of digital computer
Inside view of CPU…….
 Input
• This is the process of entering data and programs
into the computer system.

• The main purpose behind the use of this device is, to

provide data to the processing unit.

• e.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Light Pen, Optical/magnetic

Scanner, Touch Screen, Microphone etc.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 Control Unit (CU)
• The process of input, output, processing and storage
is performed under the supervision of a unit called
'Control Unit'.

• It decides when to start receiving data, when to stop

it, where to store data, etc.

• It takes care of step -by-step processing of all

operations in side the computer.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 (Control Unit (CU)
• The Control Unit acts like the supervisor.

• It extracts instructions from memory and decodes and

executes them, and sends the necessary signals to the
ALU to perform the operation needed.

• The control unit determines the sequence in which

computer programs and instructions are executed.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

• The major operations performed by the ALU are

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic
and comparison.

• The actual processing of the data and instruction are

performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit.

• Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when

required.
Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)
 CPU
• The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly
known as the central processing unit (CPU).

• The main purpose behind the use of this device is, to

control all the activities/processes happening inside
the microprocessor system.

• The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs most of

the calculations which enable a computer to function,
and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the
computer.

• It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.

 Memory Unit
• The main purpose behind the use of this device is, to
store the data & Instructions for future purpose.

• The process of saving data and instructions

permanently is known as storage.

• The term primary memory is used for the information

in physical systems which function at high-speed.
Eg. RAM.

• The term secondary memory, for program and data

storage which are slow to access but offer higher
memory capacity. Eg. ROM.
 Output
 This is the process of producing results from the
data for getting useful information.

 The main purpose behind the use of this device is, to

show data transferred from processing unit.

Examples of output units: Screen, printers, plotters,

Monitor, Speakers etc.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 SOFTWARE
• It is the set of rules/instructions who instructs computer
about what to do, how to do and when to do.

• In order to perform any task, we have to give a set of

instructions in a particular sequence to the computer.

• These sets of instructions are called Programs.

• A software refers to a set of programs that makes the

hardware perform a particular set of tasks in particular
order.
Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)
 Hardware
• Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements that constitutes a computer system.

• Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or

components of a computer such as
the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data
storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic
cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips),
etc.
 Firmware
• Firmware is a software program or set of instructions
programmed on a hardware device.

• It provides the necessary instructions for how the device

communicates with the other computer hardware.

• Firmware is typically stored in the flash ROM of a hardware

device.

• Firmware can be thought of as "semi-permanent" since it

remains the same unless it is updated by a firmware updater.

• Firmware is held in non-volatile memory devices such

as ROM, EPROM, or flash memory.
 Memory Size Convertions
• Bit =Smallest unit of computer memory

• Byte =8 bit = 1 byte

• Kilobyte = 1024 byte = 1 Kb

• Megabyte =1024 Kb = 1 Mb

• Gigabyte =1024 Mb = 1 Gb

• Terabyte =1024 Gb = 1 Tb

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

Classification of Memory
 RAM ?????????
• Commonly known as Random Access Memory, or
just RAM.

• It holds instructions and data needed for programs

that are currently running.

• Contents of RAM are lost when power is turned off.

• Hence RAM is usually a volatile type of memory.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 RAM ?????????
• The storage of data and instructions inside the primary
storage i.e. RAM is temporary.

• Data and instructions can be read and modified.

• An example is as follows: A mobile phone has 128 Kb

or 256 Kb of RAM to hold the stack and temporary
variables of the programs, operating system, and data.
 ROM???????

• It is also called as Read Only Memory (ROM).

• The storage of program and data in the ROM is

permanent.

• It can be readable but cannot be changeable by the

user/programmer.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 ROM???????
• Contents of ROM are not lost even when power is
turned off.

• Hence ROM is a Non-volatile type memory.

• Hence ROM is used to store as a permanent data.

 SRAM
• Retains contents as long as power is maintained

• The word “static” refers that the memory retains its

contents as long as the power is supplied so that’s why
we can say this is volatile in nature.

• SRAM does not need to be refreshed periodically .

• SRAM is faster but more expensive.

• It uses flip-flops to store binary information.

 SRAM
• It is faster with a typical assess time of nanoseconds.

• SRAM can have an access time as low as 10

nanoseconds.

• FAST SRAM can be found in most CPU's, on

graphic/video cards, and on credit-card memory
cards.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 SRAM

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 DRAM
• Must be constantly refreshed.

• Used for most PC memory because of size and cost.

• It also contains data only when electricity is available.

• DRAM needs to refreshed periodically due to this,

this RAM works slower.

• Mainly general PC uses this RAM because it is much

cheaper than SRAM and requires less space.
 DRAM
• Typically has access times of 50 to 70 nanoseconds
(ns).

• it is what makes up the bulk of the system memory in

most systems.

• DRAM consists of micro capacitors, while SRAM

consists of off/on switches.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

DRAM
 PROM
• It is also known as Programmable ROM
(Programmable Read Only Memory).

• It is possible for you to store your program in PROM

chip.

• Once the programs are written it cannot be changed

and remain intact even if power is switched off.

• Programs or instructions written in PROM or ROM

cannot be erased or changed.
 PROM
• Known as “programmable Read Only memory”.

• In this when the data is stored then we have no right to

change or alter any data to it.

• In this the data is written by Manufacturer company, even

you can also purchase blank PROM chip but it can be
programmed by special tool such as PROM programmers.

• In general PC’s mainly PROM is used because we don’t have

to alter any data to it
Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)
PROM
 EPROM
• Known as “Erasable PROM” as the word refers “erasable”
means we can change or erase the data. So in EPROM we
have right to change the data.

• In this we can change the data with the help of ultra violet
rays. EPROM is much expensive than PROM.

• EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which

over come the problem of PROM & ROM.

• EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing

the information stored earlier in it.
 EPROM
• When the EPROM is in use information can only be read.

• ROM also stores an initial program erasable ROM.

• The chip can be erased and reprogrammed.

• programming process consists in charging some internal

capacitors.

• The UV light (method of erase) makes those capacitors to

leak their charge, thus resetting the chip.

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

•
EEPROM
It is also known as “Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM”.

• It is also called EAROM (Electrically Alterable ROM) and

NOVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM).

• The word refers “erasable” means we can change or erase the

data.

• So in EPROM we have right to change the data.

• In this we can change the data with the help of ultra violet
rays. EPROM is much expensive than PROM

Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)

 EEPROM
• The inside values/data can be stored and erased
electronically.

• It Can change individual bytes without erasing the entire chip.

• It can write blocks (i.e. 512 bytes) at a time.

• EEPROM can be erased one byte at anytime by using ultra

violet rays.

• It is Expensive & Requires programmer.

 EEPROM
Most computers use it to hold up their startup instructions
Also used in many mobiles, smart phones, digital cameras and
PDA, camera, MP3 player, etc.
For More Contents, do subscribe to
my channel on you tube as,

”Tech_Guru Swapnil
Kaware”
(Thanks For Watching)
Digital Computer Notes by Er. Swapnil V. Kaware (svkaware@yahoo.co.in)