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Structure of Earth
 Earth - three layers - Crust, Mantle, Core.
 Crust - surface of Earth, Mantle – second inner part of
the Earth, Core - most inner part of the Earth.

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What are Earthquakes?
• sudden movement - surface of the earth - may be tiny
or several feet.

• enormous amounts - of energy released – greater -

Nuclear Bomb.

• sudden shift of rock - fracture of Earth.

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 Origin of Earthquakes
 Earthquakes - Plate Tectonic Forces.

 Theory of Plate tectonic forces -

 He stated that continents moved from their original

position - Continental Drift.

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 Different boundaries - tectonic forces induces Earth:
Divergent boundary, Convergent, Transform boundaries.

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Seismology
 When earthquakes occur, waves travel in Earth in form
of vibrations, such waves are called Seismic Waves.

 Study of such waves - Seismology.

 Instrument measuring seismic waves - Seismometer.

 Graphs given by that seismometer - Seismic Graph.

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Terms of EQ’s:
 Seismic Loading : Main cause of Earthquakes

 Seismic Performance : Structure’s ability -

functions - safety and serviceability - exposure -
earthquake.

 Seismic Analysis : Major intellectual tool –

understand seismic performance of structures.
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 Earthquakes affect RCC
structures too…

 Slabs forces the beam

to bend with it when
horizontal forces act.

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Earthquake resistant designs
 Design - but it is analysis of forces - buildings due to
loads acting on it.

 If a building is enough to resist the earthquake, then

such building is called Earthquake resistant structure.

 Such design is called Earthquake resistant designs

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Popular Earthquake resistant
Techniques
 Earthquake may not be able to damage entire building
but it damages members of it.

 So special techniques are adopted:

Base Isolation Devices and
Seismic Dampers.

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Introduction of Resistant
techniques
 Thought - Base Isolation Devices - separate building
from ground by some rubber devices.

 Seismic dampers - special devices - introduced in

building - absorb the energy - produced by seismic
waves.

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Base Isolation Devices

Active
Control
Devices

Tendon
Control

Control
Active
Force
TMD’s Devices
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Base Isolation Devices
Base isolation Devices - Active Control System which
contains:
• Sensors - measure external
excitation - structural response.
• Computer hardware and
software - compute control forces –
observed excitation.
• Actuators – provide –
necessary control forces.

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 Control Force Devices

 Active Tuned Mass Dampers - natural extension –

experiments indicate 25% less damage.

 Tendon Control – used even for active devices – works

when active devices are off – act by resisting tension in
structure.

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Seismic Dampers

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SD’s in structures:

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 Dampers are of:

 Viscous Damper
 Friction Damper
 Yielding Damper
Note points:
BID SD’S
 separating structures from  additional systems
ground by means of devices. introduced in structures.

 Can be done when structure  even when structure is

is already constructed, but it completed, systems can be
is costly. introduced.

 Cheaper compared to Seismic  Very costly, since linked with

Dampers. hardware programmes.

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Frames Resisting EQ’

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Increase in Seismic
Performance
 Quality Control in Construction.

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CONCLUSION
 We are only hope of tomorrow’s constructions.

WE ARE HERE ONLY TO PROVIDE

SAFETY TO PUBLIC TO LEAD THEIR LIFE

HAPPILY.

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THANK
YOU…
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