TUJUAN
Diakhir kuliah mahasiswa memiliki
kemampuan dasar tentang
COHORT STUDY
Framingham Study
Objectives
To study the impact of several factors on
incidence of cardiovascular diseases
Exposures
Blood pressure, smoking, body weight,
diabetes, exercise, etc.
Multiple Outcomes
Coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive
heart failure, peripheral arterial disease
COHORT STUDY
•Mempelajari eksposur faktor risiko ‘E’ sekarang dan
penyakit ‘D’ dimasa datang,
•Unit studi adalah individu
•Sekumpulan orang sehat dengan faktor risiko ‘E’ dan
dipelajari kejadian penyakit ‘D’ dimasa datang
•Memberikan informasi besar risiko relatif faktor
risiko ‘E’ sebagai penyebab penyakit ‘D’
•Analisis menggunakan RELATIVE RISK = RR = Risiko
Relatif
•Rancangan studi
MASA LALU SEKARANG MASA DATANG
PILIH COHORT
Studi AMATI
KELOMPOKKAN
FREKUENSI
MENURUT Prospektif
OUTCOME
EKSPOSUR
W a k t u
Sakit
Terpapar
Sehat
P orang
sehat
Sakit
Tidak
terpapar
Sehat
MASA LALU SEKARANG MASA DATANG
MENGAMATI
EKSPOSUR PILIH
FAKTOR Studi KASUS DAN
RISIKO KONTROL
Retro
KELOMPOK
spektif
KASUS DAN
KONTROL
PILIH COHORT
Studi AMATI
KELOMPOKKAN
FREKUENSI
MENURUT Prospektif
OUTCOME
EKSPOSUR
RETROSPEKTIF
(CASE CONTROL)
PENYAKIT
TERKENA BEBAS
TERPAPAR a b
PROSPEKTIF FAKTOR
(COHORT) RISIKO
TIDAK c d
TERPAPAR
Relative Risk = Risiko Relatif =
(A/A+B)
RR = ----------------
(C/C+D)
SAKIT (D)
YA (+) TIDAK (-)
RR = (a/a+c) / (b/b+d)
= (40/(40+80)) / (60/(60+320))
= 2.11
Uji statistik untuk menilai tingkat kemaknaan
(signifikansi) didasarkan pada “confidence limit” sebesar
95% dengan rumus:
Eksponensial (ln RR) + 1,96 V (var ln RR)
Dimana var ln RR = 1/a + 1/(a+b) + 1/c + 1/(c+d)
3.25
RR 2.11
1.37
Advantages to a Cohort Study
• Results from a cohort study can be used to calculate
incidence
• Results from a cohort study can be used to calculate
prevalence
• Cohort studies are great for common diseases
• Cohort studies can study multiple diseases/outcomes
Selection bias
Select participants into exposed and not exposed
groups based on some characteristics that may affect
the outcome
Information bias
Collect different quality and extent of information
from exposed and not exposed groups
Loss to follow-up differs between exposed and not
exposed (or between disease and no disease)
Misclassification bias
Misclassify exposure status or disease status
Strengths and weaknesses of cohort studies
Strengths
Multiple outcomes can be measured for any one exposure.
Can look at multiple exposures.
Exposure is measured before the onset of disease (in prospective cohort studies).
Good for measuring rare exposures, for example among different occupations.
Demonstrate direction of causality.
Can measure incidence and prevalence.
Weaknesses
Costly and time consuming.
Prone to bias due to loss to follow-up.
Prone to confounding.
Participants may move between one exposure category.
Knowledge of exposure status may bias classification of the outcome.
Being in the study may alter participant's behaviour.
Poor choice for the study of a rare disease.
Classification of individuals (exposure or outcome status) can be affected by
changes in diagnostic procedures.