“Nikmat manakah yang kamu dustakan?

“
Review
Analisis Variansi dan Efek Utama

• Analisis variansi dengan 1 efek utama dikenal sebagai

analisis variansi satu jalan

• Analisis variansi dengan 2 efek utama dikenal sebagai

analisis variansi dua jalan

• Analisis variansi dengan 3 efek utama dikenal sebagai

analisis variansi tiga jalan

• Dan demikian seterusnya

 Analisis variansi satu jalan hanya terdiri atas satu faktor
dengan dua atau lebih level

 Analisis variansi dua jalan terdiri atas dua faktor, masing-

masing dengan dua atau lebih level

 Faktor menghasilkan efek utama sehingga di sini

terdapat dua efek utama
Faktor Utama dan Interaksi

 Dalam hal lebih dari satu faktor, faktor itu dapat saja saling
mempengaruhi atau tidak saling mempengaruhi

 Apabila faktor itu tidak saling mempengaruhi maka kita memperoleh

dua faktor utama saja

 Apabila faktor itu saling mempengaruhi, maka selain efek utama,

kita memperoleh lagi interaksi pada saling mempngaruhi itu

 Dalam hal terdapat interaksi, kita memiliki efek utama dan interaksi
• Efek utama (dengan perbedaan rerata)
• Interaksi (dengan interaksi di antara faktror)
Variansi dan Efek Utama

Variansi sebelum ada efek Ada variansi dalam

kelompok pada kelompok
masing-masing
Kelompok 1 (level 1)

Kelompok 2 (level 2) Ada variansi antara

kelompok
Kelompok 3 (level 3)

Variansi antara kelompok

Variansi Sesudah Ada Efek Utama

Variansi dalam kelompok tidak berubah


 
Variansi antara kelompok
 menjadi besar:
 
 Ada efek,
 Paling sedikit ada satu
 pasang rerata yang beda

Variansi antara kelompok

Variansi Total


Dengan membuka batas semua
 
kelompok, diperoleh variansi total


 




Variansi total
So …Sources of variance
 When we take samples from each population,
there will be two sources of variability
 Within group variability - when we sample from a group
there will be variability from person to person in the
same group  Sesatan
 We will always have this form of variability because it is sampling
variability
 Between group variability – the difference from group to
group  Perlakuan
 This form of variability will only exist if the groups are different
 If the between group variability if large, the means of the two
groups is likely not the same
 We can use the two types of variability to determine
if the means are likely different
 How can we do this?
 Look again at the picture
 Blue arrow: within group, red arrow: between group
 Rancangan
Percobaan

Random Lengkap Blok Random Faktorial

RRL RBRL

One-Way
Two-Way
Anova
Anova
(ANAVA 1 Jalan
(ANAVA 2 Jalan
Rancangan Faktorial a x b
 Eksperimen faktorial a x b melibatkan 2 faktor dimana
terdapat a tingkat faktor A dan b tingkat faktor B,
 Eksperimen diulang r kali pada tiap-tiap tingkat faktor
kombinasi
 Adanya replikasi inilah yang memungkinkan
terjadinya interaksi antara faktor A dan B
 Interaction
 Occurs When Effects of One Factor Vary According to Levels
of Other Factor
 When Significant, Interpretation of Main Effects (A & B) Is
Complicated
 Can Be Detected
In Data Table, Pattern of Cell Means in One Row Differs
From Another Row
In Graph of Cell Means, Lines Cross
 The interaction between two factor A and B is the tendency
for one factor to behave differently, depending on the
particular level setting of the other variable.
 Interaction describes the effect of one factor on the behavior
of the other. If there is no interaction, the two factors
behave independently.
 Example
 A drug manufacturer has three
supervisors who work at each of three
Supervisor 1 always does better Supervisor 1 does better earlier in the
different shift times.
than 2, regardless of the shift.
Do outputs of the
day, while supervisor 2 does better at
supervisors behave differently,
(No Interaction)
night. depending
on the particular shift they are working?
(Interaction)
Graphs of Interaction
Effects of Motivation (High or Low) & Training
Method (A, B, C) on Mean Learning Time
Interaction No Interaction

Average Average
Response High Response High

Low Low

A B C A B C
Interaksi X terhadap Y

• Tanpa interaksi (dua efek utama)

X1 Y

X2 Y

• Dengan interaksi (bentuk interaksi)

X1

Y
X2
• Tanpa interaksi

Y
X1
X2

• Ada interaksi
interaksi
Y
X2

X1

X
Interaksi

• Interaksi terjadi apabila perbedaan rerata pada satu level (misalnya level 1)
tidak sama untuk dua level berbeda pada level 2 sehingga terjadi
perpotongan
Ada perpotongan karena tidak
sama

Level 1

Level 2
 Two-Way ANOVA Assumptions

 1. Normality
 Populations are Normally Distributed

 2. Homogeneity of Variance
 Populations have Equal Variances

 3. Independence of Errors
 Independent Random Samples are Drawn
Two-Way ANOVA
Null Hypotheses
1. No Difference in Means Due to Factor A
 H0: 1.. = 2.. =... = a..

2.No Difference in Means Due to Factor B

 H0: .1. = .2. =... = .b.

3. No Interaction of Factors A & B

 H0: ABij = 0
The a x b Factorial
Experiment
 Let xijk be the k-th replication at the i-th level of A
and the j-th level of B.
i = 1, 2, …,a j = 1, 2, …, b, k = 1, 2, …,r

xijk     i   j   ij   ijk

 The total variation in the experiment is measured by

the total sum of squares:

Total SS  ( xijk  x ) 2
 ANAVA 2 Jalan
Partisi Variansi Total

Variansi Total
JKT

Variansi A Variansi B

JKB
JKA
Variansi Interaksi Variansi Sesatan

JK(AB) JKS
JKT dibagi menjadi 4 bagian :
 JKA (Jumlah Kuadrat faktor A) : variansi
antara faktor A
 JKB (Jumlah Kuadrat faktor B): variansi
antara faktor B
 JK(AB) (Jumlah Kuadrat Interaksi): variansi
antara kombinasi tingkat faktor ab
 JKS (Jumlah Kuadrat Sesatan)

JK T  JK A  JK B  JK AB  JKS
Faktor Faktor B
A 1 2 ... b Observation k
1 X111 X121 ... X1b1
X112 X122 ... X1b2 Xijk
2 X211 X221 ... X2b1
X212 X222 ... X2b2 Level i Level j
Factor A Factor B
: : : : :
a Xa11 Xa21 ... Xab1
Xa12 Xa22 ... Xab2
 Rumus-rumus
G2
CM  dengan G   xijk
n
2
JK T   xijk  CM

 Ai 2
JK A   CM dengan Ai  jumlah total faktorA tingkatke - i
br
 B j2
JK B   CM dengan B j  jumlah total faktorB tingkatke - j
ar
 ABij 2
JK AB   CM - JK A - JK B
r
dengan ABij  jumlah total faktorA tingkatke - i dan faktorB tingkatke - j
JK S  JK T - JK A - JK B - JK AB
Contoh : Pabrik Obat
Supervisor pabrik obat bekerja pada 3 shift yang berbeda dan
hasil produksi dihitung pada 3 hari yang dipilih secara
random
Supervisor Pagi Siang Sore Ai
1 571 480 470 4650
610 474 430
625 540 450
2 480 625 630 5238
516 600 680
465 581 661
Bj 3267 3300 3321 9888

a=2 b=3 r=3

 Tabel ANAVA
db Total = n –1 = abr - 1 Rataan Kuadrat
db Faktor A = a –1
RKA= JKA/(k-1)
db faktor B=b –1
db Interaksi = (a-1)(b-1) RKB = JKB/(b-1)

RK(AB) = JK(AB)/(a-1)(b-1)
db Sesatan ?
Dengan pengurangan RKS =JKS/ab(r-1)

Sumber db JK RK F
Variansi
A a -1 JKA JKA/(a-1) RKA/RKS
B b -1 JKB JKB/(b-1) RKB/RKS
Interaksi (a-1)(b-1) JK(AB) JK(AB)/(a-1)(b-1) RK(AB)/RKS
Sesatan ab(r-1) JKE JKS/ab(r-1)
Total abr -1 JKT
Two-way ANOVA: Output versus Supervisor, Shift

Analysis of Variance for Output

Source DF SS MS F P
Supervis 1 19208 19208 26.68 0.000
Shift 2 247 124 0.17 0.844
Interaction 2 81127 40564 56.34 0.000
Error 12 8640 720
Total 17 109222
Tests for a Factorial
Experiment
 We can test for the significance of both
factors and the interaction using F-tests
from the ANOVA table.
 Remember that s 2 is the common
variance for all ab factor-level
combinations. MSE is the best estimate of
s 2, whether or not H 0 is true.
 Other factor means will be judged to be
significantly different if their mean square
is large in comparison to MSE.
Tests for a Factorial Experiment
 The interaction is tested first using F =
MS(AB)/MSE.
 If the interaction is not significant, the
main effects A and B can be individually
tested using F = MSA/MSE and F =
MSB/MSE, respectively.
 If the interaction is significant, the main
effects are NOT tested, and we focus on
the differences in the ab factor-level
means.
 Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Variation Freedom Squares Square
A a-1 SS(A) MS(A) MS(A)
(Row) MSE
B b-1 SS(B) MS(B) MS(B)
(Column) MSE
AB (a-1)(b-1) SS(AB) MS(AB) MS(AB)
(Interaction) MSE
Error n - ab SSE MSE
Same as Other
Total n-1 SS(Total) Designs
The Drug Manufacturer
Two-way ANOVA: Output versus Supervisor, Shift

Analysis of Variance for Output

Source DF SS MS F P
Supervis 1 19208 19208 26.68 0.000
Shift 2 247 124 0.17 0.844
Interaction 2 81127 40564 56.34 0.000
Error 12 8640 720
Total 17 109222
The test statistic for the interaction is F = 56.34 with p-value = .000.
The interaction is highly significant, and the main effects are not
tested. We look at the interaction plot to see where the differences
lie.
The Drug Manufacturer

Supervisor 1 does better

earlier in the day, while
supervisor 2 does better at
night.
Revisiting the
ANOVA Assumptions
1. The observations within each population are
normally distributed with a common variance
s 2.
2. Assumptions regarding the sampling
procedures are specified for each design.

•Remember that ANOVA procedures are fairly

robust when sample sizes are equal and when
the data are fairly mound-shaped.
Diagnostic Tools
•Many computer programs have graphics
options that allow you to check the
normality assumption and the
assumption of equal variances.
1. Normal probability plot of residuals
2. Plot of residuals versus fit or residuals
versus variables
Residuals
•The analysis of variance procedure takes
the total variation in the experiment and
partitions out amounts for several important
factors.
•The “leftover” variation in each data point
is called the residual or experimental error.
•If all assumptions have been met, these
residuals should be normal, with mean 0 and
variance s2.
Normal Probability Plot
 If the normality assumption is valid, the
plot should resemble a straight line,
sloping upward to the right.
 If not, you will often see the pattern fail
in the tails of the graph.
Residuals versus Fits
 If the equal variance assumption is valid,
the plot should appear as a random
scatter around the zero center line.
 If not, you will see a pattern in the
residuals.