SAMPLING:

CONCEPT AND TYPES OF

SAMPLING
 Sampling
Sampling means the process of selecting a part of the
population. A population is the group of people that are studied
in a research. It is difficult to study the whole population due
to the limited resources, therefore, a part of the population is
studied by the researcher. The reliability of the findings of the
research depends upon how well the researcher selects the
sample. A sample should be a true representative of the whole
population and therefore, it should include members from
various sections and spheres of the population.
Population or Universe
Population refers to all those people who possess the characteristics which the
researcher wants to study with regard to the context of a particular research problem.
Sample
The selected part of the population is known as a sample. Thus, a sample is a portion
of people drawn from the population.
Sample Unit
It is either a single element or a collection of elements, subject to the data analysis in
the sample. A sampling unit is not necessarily as individual. It may be an event, city,
village, or nation, depending upon the research.

Sample Size
The number of people in a selected sample is known as sample size.

Sampling Frame
It is the complete list of all units/elements from which the sample is drawn. This is
also known as the working population as it provides the list that can be operationally
worked with. Thus, sampling frame is not a sample, instead it provides the basis for
sampling. It reflects who will be included in the sample.

Sampling Technique
It refers to the technique or procedure used to select the members of the sample.
SAMPLE
 Advantages of Sampling

-Accuracy
-Saves time by reducing the volume of data
-Representative samples help in the avoidance of
bias
-Economical
 Principles of Sampling
Clearly defined universe
Well-planned sampling design
• Sample size must be according to size of population
• Plan for expenses, and time-frame
• Accessibility of respondents
Distinct & independent units
Unbiased, objective, & systematic sampling
Arbitrary alterations must be avoided
Sampling errors must be prevented
Objective of research is the guiding light always
Classification of Sampling
 ProbabilitySampling
Probability sampling is a type of
sampling where each member of the
population has a known probability of
being selected in the sample. When a
population is highly homogeneous, each
of it’s member has a known chance of
being selected in the sample.
Types of Probability Sampling
There are six types of probability sampling:
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Multi-stage Sampling
6. Multi-phase Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling
The members of the sample are selected randomly and
purely by chance. Each member has an equal chance of
being selected in the sample. This type of sampling is
suitable for a population which is highly homogeneous.
• Systematic Sampling
Under this method, a member occurring after a fixed
interval is studied. The member occurring after fixed
interval is known as the nth element. The sample is
obtained by drawing every nth person from a pre-
determined list of persons.
• Stratified Random Sampling
The population is divided into sub-groups, known as strata and
then members from each sub-group (strata) are selected randomly.
The division of population into homogeneous strata is based on one
or more criteria, e.g., religion, education, sex, age, occupation etc.

• Cluster Sampling
Under this, the various segments of a population are treated as
clusters and members from a cluster are selected randomly. The
researcher does not divide the population into sub-groups, but
randomly select from already existing or naturally occurring sub-
groups (clusters) of the population.
• Multi-stage Sampling
Under this method, the sampling is done through various stages but only the
last sample of the subject is studied. For instance, one wants to conduct a
study of the proper implementation of the Swach Bharat Abhiyaan in Delhi.
Now, Delhi is divided into zone, namely, East, West, South and North. In
each zone, a sector is selected and from each sector three localities are
selected, and then these localities are studied.

• Multi-phase Sampling
The process is similar to multi-stage sampling, i.e., primary selection,
secondary selection, tertiary selection and so on. However, in multi-phase
sampling procedure, each sample is adequately studied before drawing
another sample from it. For instance, one wants to conduct a study of the
proper implementation of the Swach Bharat Abhiyan in Delhi. Firstly, all the
sectors of Delhi are studied and only those sectors are chosen where there is
improper implementation of the programme. Out of these, those sectors are
selected where the ineffectiveness is on the part of the people and not
authorities. Thereafter, five localities are drawn from each of those sectors for
research.
 Non-Probability Sampling
Non-probability sampling is a type of sampling where each
member of the population does not have known probability of
being selected. Under this, each member of the population
does not get an equal chance of being selected in the sample.
Non-probability sampling is adopted when each member of the
population cannot be selected (particularly, hen there is no list
of people who can be studied) or when the researcher
deliberately wants to chose members selectively.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling

There are four types of non-probability sampling:

1. Purposive Sampling

2. Convenience Sampling

3. Snowball Sampling

4. Quota Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
Under this method, the members of the sample are selected
according to the purpose of the study. It is also known as
judgemental sampling, as the researcher purposely choses those
people whom he thinks, are relevant for the research.

• Convenience Sampling
Only those people are selected which are accessible to the
researcher. The study is conducted on all those persons who are
most conveniently available. It is also known as accidental or
haphazard sampling.
• Snowball Sampling
It is a type of sampling where one respondent identifies other respondents for the
study. It is also known as chain sampling. Snowball sampling is adopted in
situations where it is difficult to identify the members of the sample. One person is
identified and that leads to another respondents, and in this way the sample goes on
growing like a snow-ball. This is continued until the required sample size is
achieved or until no more respondents are discovered.

• Quota Sampling
In this type of sampling the members are selected according to some specific
characteristics chosen by the researcher which serve as a quota for the selection of
the members. This is similar to stratified sampling, with the difference that instead
of diving the population into strata and randomly choosing the respondents, it
works on quotas fixed by the researcher.
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