Covalent & Metallic Bonds

CHAPTER 13 SECTION 3
 Objectives:

Explain how covalent bonds form

Describe molecules

Explain how metallic bonds form

Describe the properties of metals

 Covalent Bonds

Most things are held together by covalent bonds

Ex: water, sugar, oxygen, wood…

Properties: low melting & boiling points; brittle in

solid state

Covalent bond: when atoms share one or more pairs

of electrons
 Covalent Bonds:

Two atoms of nonmetals – large amount of energy is

required for either atom to lose an electron

Therefore, they do not transfer they share

 Covalent Bonds:

http://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/covalent_bonding.gif/46392209/covalent_bonding.gif
 Covalent Bonds & Molecules:

Substances containing covalent bonds consist of

individual particles called molecules

Molecule: 2 or more atoms joined together in a

definite ratio

Ex: Oxygen (O2)

Most molecules are composed of atoms

of 2 or more elements
 Covalent Bonds in a Water Molecule:

H2O

http://sayee.ca/image/water%20molecule.gif
 Electron Dot Diagrams:

Shows only the valence electrons in an atom

Helps to predict how an atom might bond

Place the 1st four dots alone on each side, then pair
up any remaining dots
 Electron Dot Diagram of H2O

http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/images/lewdot11.jpg
 Practice with Electron Dot Diagrams:

Draw the electron dot diagram for the following

elements/compounds:
 Carbon
 Oxygen
 Krypton
 H2
 Covalent Compounds & Molecules:

A molecule is the smallest particle into which a

covalently bonded compound can be divided and still
be the same compound

http://www.chemlin.net/news/2007/mar2007/images/water-molecules.jpg
 The Simplest Molecules:

Molecules are composed of at least 2 covalently

bonded atoms

The simplest are made of 2 bonded atoms – called

diatomic molecules

Elements found in nature as diatomic molecules are

called diatomic elements
 Ex: Oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen, iodine…
 Diatomic Elements: Oxygen

http://image.wistatutor.com/content/chemical-bonding/oxygen-forming-covalent-bond.gif http://dkreutz.basd.k12.wi.us/O2.jpg
 More Complex Molecules:

Important molecules are also complex molecules

Ex: soap, plastic bottles, proteins…

Carbon atoms are the basis for many complex

molecules

Each carbon makes 4 covalent bonds

 More Complex Molecules:

http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/sugar/sugarmolecule2.gif
 Metallic Bonds:

A bond formed by the attraction between positively

charged metal ions and the electron in the metal

Metals therefore have properties such as malleability

Ex: metal sculptures can be made

 Movement of Electrons Through Metal:

Bonding in metals: atoms are very close together;

outermost energy levels overlap

Valence electrons can therefore move throughout the metal

Metal – made of positive ions with enough electrons

“swimming” around to keep the ions together

Metallic bonds extend throughout the metal in all

directions
 Movement of Electrons:

http://sites.univ-provence.fr/~wcalup/fichiers_images/metallicblue.gif
 Properties of Metals:

Electrical Conductivity
 Electrons moving through copper wire
Malleability & Ductility
 Atoms in metals can be rearranged
 Metals can be reshaped
 Malleability – into sheets
 Ductility – into wires
Bending without breaking
 When metal is bent some ions are forced closer together
 Moving electrons maintain the metallic bonds
 Reference:

Holt Science and Technology: Physical Science. New

York: Henry Holt & Co, 2007. Print.