Behavioristik
• Pengalaman di masa lalu sebagai sebagai wadah pembentukan pola
tingkah laku melaqlui proses belajar (learning process)
Fisik Konstitusional
• Manusia dilahirkan dengan kondisi fisik tertentu / fisik eksogen
F40.0. Agorafobia
Etiologi:
• Kurang kasih sayang
• Di asingkan
• overprotective
• Faktor neurokimia
• Genetik
• Prognosis kronik
Tatalaksana
Psychotherapy Pharmacotherapy
• Behavior • Ssri first line
• Cognitif • Benzodiazepin (alprazolam
& klonazepam)
• Venlafaxine
• Buspiron
Fobia spesifik
• Ketakutan yang jelas dan menetap yang berlebihan atau tanpa
alasan, ditunjukkan dengan keberadaan atau antisipasi suatu objek
yang spesifik atau situasi tertentu (misal: naik pesawat terbang)
• Paparan terhadap stimulus fobik hampir selalu memprovokasi
respons kecemasan yang segera dalam bentuk serangan panik
situasional atau dipredisposisikan oleh suatu situasi
• Individu dapat menyadari bahwa ketakutannya berlebihan / tdak
beralasan
• Situasi fobik dihindari atau dijalani dengan kecemasan atau distress
yang kuat
• Penghindaran mengganggu kegiatan rutin yang normal
• Usia <18 th minimal durasi 6 bulan
• Tidak ada gangguan mental lain
PEDOMAN DIAGNOSTIK
Semua kriteria yg dibawah ini utk DX :
a. Gejala psikologis atau otonomik hrs mrpk
manifestasi primer dari anxietas, dan bkn
sekunder dari gejala2 lain seperti waham
atau pikiran obsesif
b. Anxietas hrs terbatas ps adanya objek situasi
fobik tertentu
c. Situasi fobik tsb sedapat mungkin
dihindarinya
Phobia spesifik
Tatalaksana fobia
• Terapi psikologik
• Farmakoterapi
Prognosis fobia
• Kecenderungan akan menjadi kronik
Diagnosa Banding
Gangguan mental lain Gangguan medis
• Specific & social phobia • Hipotiroid
• Obsessive-compulsive • Hipertiroid
disorder (OCD) • Hiperparatiroid
• Pheochromocytoma
• Posttraumatic stress
• Hipoglikemia
disorder (PTSD)
• Penyakit kardiovaskular
• Generalized anxiety (anemia, hipertensi)
disorder (GAD) • Penyakit respiratori (asma,
hiperventilasi, embolus
pulmoner)
• Penyakit saraf (CVD, epilepsi)
Farmakoterapi
SSRI MAOIs
Paroxetine Phenelzine
Fluoxetine Tranylcipromine
Sertraline RIMAs
Fluvoxamine Moclobemide
Citalopram Brofaromine
Tricyclic Antidepressant Atypical Antidepressants
Clomipramine Venlafaxine
Imipramine Venlafaxine XR
Desipramine
Other agent
Benzodiazepine
Valproic acid
Alprazolam Inositol
Clonazepam
Diazepam Durasi farmakoterapi : 8-12 bulan
Lorazepam
Prognosis
• Prognosis for this disorder is very good if the above conditions
are met.
• Left untreated, however, symptoms can worsen and
Agoraphobia can develop.
• In these cases, the individual has developed such an intense
fear that leaving the safety of home feels impossible.
Gangguan Panik
• Etiologi : faktor biologik, faktor genetik, faktor psikososial
• SS : serangan panik berulang, spontan, tidak terduga,
disertai gejala otonomik yang kuat terutama sistem KV dan
Respirasi
• Gejala mental : takut yang hebat dan ancaman kematian
atau bencana
• Tanda fisik : takikardi, palpitasi, dispneu, berkeringat.
• Penderita akan segera berusaha “keluar” dari situasi
tersebut dan mencari pertolongan
• DD : serangan panik yg tjd sbg bagian dari ggg fobik,
serangan panik sekunder dari ggg depresi, terutama pd
laki2
Diagnosis (PPDGJ III)
Terjadinya bbrp serangan berat anxietas
otonomik, yg tjd dlm periode kira2 satu bulan :
a. Pd keadaan2 yg sebenarnya scr obyektif tdk ada
bahaya
b. Tdk terbatas hanya pd situasi yg telah diketahui
atau yg dpt diduga sebelumnya
c. Adanya keadaan relatif bebas gejala anxietas
dlm periode antara serangan2 panik (meskipun
lazim tjd jg anxietas antisipatorik
• Tatalaksana
• Farmako :
– SSRI : sertralin, fluoksetin, fluvoksamin, escitalopram,
dll
– Alprazolam
• Non Farmako :
– Terapi relaksasi
– Terapi kognitif perilaku
– Psikoterapi dinamik
• Prognosis : jika fungsi premorbid baik dan durasi
serangan singkat maka prognosis lebih baik
Gangguan cemas menyeluruh
• Kecemasan dan kekhawatiran yang berlebihan dan tidak irasional
bahkan terkadang tidak realistik terhadap berbagai peristiwa
kehidupan sehari-hari
• Dialami hampir sepanjang hari dan berlangsung sekurang-
kurangnya selama 6 bulan
• Berhubungan dengan gejala-gejala somatik spt ketegangan otot,
iritabilitas, kesulitan tidur, dan kegelisahan shg menyebabkan
penderitaan yang jelas dan gangguan yang bermakna dalam sosial
dan pekerjaan
• Etiologi : teori biologi, teori genetik, teori psikoanalitik, teori
kognitif perilaku
• Gambaran Klinis : anxietas, ketegangan motorik, hiperaktivitas
autonom, kewaspadaan secara kognitif, bergetar,kelelahan, sakit
kepala, pernafasan yg pendek, berkeringat, palpitasi, gejala saluran
pernafasan
• Biasanya datang dengan keluhan somatik dan datang dengan gejala
spesifik seperti diare kronik
Diagnosis (DSM IV-TR)
• A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation),
occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a
number of events or activities (such as work or school
performance).
• B. The person finds it difficult to control the worry.
• C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the
following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms present for
more days than not for the past 6 months). Note: Only one item is
required in children.
• (1) restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
(2) being easily fatigued
(3) difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
(4) irritability
(5) muscle tension
(6) sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless
unsatisfying sleep)
• D. The focus of the anxiety and worry is not confined to features of an Axis
I disorder, e.g., the anxiety or worry is not about having a Panic Attack (as
in Panic Disorder), being embarrassed in public (as in Social Phobia), being
contaminated (as in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder), being away from
home or close relatives (as in Separation Anxiety Disorder), gaining weight
(as in Anorexia Nervosa), having multiple physical complaints (as
in Somatization Disorder), or having a serious illness (as
in Hypochondriasis), and the anxiety and worry do not occur exclusively
during Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
• E. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
• F. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of
a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical
condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism) and does not occur exclusively during
a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental
Disorder.
Diagnosis banding :
Prognosis:
-Perlu dibedakan dari kecemasan akibat -
Merupakan suatu keadaan kronis
kondisi medis umum maupun gangguan yang
yang mungkin berlangsung seumur
berhubungan dengan penggunaan zat.
hidup.
- gangguan panik
- fobia
- gangguan obsesif kompulsif
- hipokondriasis
- gangguan somatisasi
- gang. Penyesuaian dan kecemasan
- gangguan kepribadian
Tatalaksana :
a. Farmakoterapi Benzodiazepin (pilihan utama)
Buspiron
SSRI (selective serotonin Re- uptake)
b. Psikoterapi
- Terapi kognitif perilaku
- Terapi suporative
- Psikoterapi Berorientasi Tilikan
Kaplan Sadock Synopsis of
Psychiatry11th ed
Gangguan Campuran Anxietas &
Depresif
• Terdapat gejala anxietas dan depresi yg
masing2 tdk menunjukkan rangkaian gejala yg
cukup berat utk menegakkan diagnosa
tersendiri.
• Bbrp gejala otonomik harus ditemukan :
– Tremor
– Palpitasi
– Mulut kering
– Sakit perut (mulas), dsb
Gangguan Campuran Anxietas &
Depresif
Etiologi
• Empat bukti utama yang menyatakan bahwa gejala
kecemasan dan gejala depresi berhubungan sebab akibat
pada beberapa pasien yang terkena, yaitu :
– Ditemukannya neuroendokrin yang sama pada gangguan
depresi dan gangguan kecemasan, khususnya gangguan panik.
– Hiperaktivitas sistem noradrenergik relevan yang menyebabkan
pada beberapa pasien dengan gangguan depresi dan pada
beberapa pasien dengan gangguan panik.
– Obat serotonergik berguna dalam mengobati gangguan depresi
maupun kecemasan
– Gejala kecemasan dan depresi berhubungan secara genetik
pada beberapa keluarga.
Gangguan Campuran Anxietas &
Depresif
Penatalaksanaan
• Pendekatan psikoterapi dapat terapi kognitif atau
modifikasi prilaku.
• Farmakoterapi dapat termasuk obat anti anxietas atau obat
antidepresan atau keduanya.
• Diantara obat anxiolitik, penggunakan
triazolobenzodiazepin mungkin diindikasikan karena
efektifitas obat tersebut dalam mengobatai depresi yang
disertai kecemasan.
• Suatu obat yang mempengaruhi reseptor serotonin tipe 1A
(5-HT1A), seperti buspiron, dapat diindikasikan.
• Diantara antidepresan, antidepresan serotonergik mungkin
yang paling efektif.
Gangguan Campuran Anxietas &
Depresif
Diagnosa Banding
• Gangguan penyesuaian F 43.2
• Depresi anxietas menetap (dstimia) F 34.1
Termasuk
• Depresi anxietas (ringan atau tak menetap)
Gangguan obsesif kompulsif
• Definisi : pikiran & tindakan yg berulang yg menghabiskan
waktu/menyebabkan distress & hendaya yg bermakna
• Etiologi : interaksi antara faktor biologik, genetik, dan psikososial
• Gambaran klinis :
– Adanya ode/impuls yg terus menerus menekan kedalam kesadaran individu
– Perasaan cemas/takut akan ide atau impuls yg aneh
– Obsesi & kompulsi egoalien
– Pasien megenali obsesi & kompulsi mrpkn sesuatu yg abstrak & irasioal
– Individu yg menderita obsesi kompulsi merasa adanya keinginan kuat utk
melawan
• 4 pola gejala utama : kontaminasi, sikap ragu-ragu yang patologik, pikiran
yang intrusif, simetri
• DD : kondisi medik, gangguan tourette
• Tatalaksana : psikofarmakologi, psikoterapi
• Prognosis : 20-30% perbaikan bermakna
Diagnosis (DSM-IV)
• A. Either obsessions or compulsions:
• Obsessions as defined by (1), (2), (3), and (4):
• (1) recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images
that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance,
as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause
marked anxiety or distress
(2) the thoughts, impulses, or images are not simply
excessive worries about real-life problems
(3) the person attempts to ignore or suppress such
thoughts, impulses, or images, or to neutralize them with
some other thought or action
(4) the person recognizes that the obsessional thoughts,
impulses, or images are a product of his or her own mind
(not imposed from without as in thought insertion)
• Compulsions as defined by (1) and (2):
• (1) repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering,
checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating
words silently) that the person feels driven to perform in
response to an obsession, or according to rules that must
be applied rigidly
(2) the behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or
reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or
situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts either
are not connected in a realistic way with what they are
designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive
• B. At some point during the course of the disorder, the
person has recognized that the obsessions or compulsions
are excessive or unreasonable. Note: This does not apply to
children.
• C. The obsessions or compulsions cause marked distress,
are time consuming (take more than 1 hour a day), or
significantly interfere with the person's normal routine,
occupational (or academic) functioning, or usual social
activities or relationships.
• D. If another Axis I disorder is present, the content of the
obsessions or compulsions is not restricted to it (e.g.,
preoccupation with food in the presence of an Eating
Disorders; hair pulling in the presence of Trichotillomania;
concern with appearance in the presence of Body
Dysmorphic Disorder; preoccupation with drugs in the
presence of a Substance Use Disorder; preoccupation with
having a serious illness in the presence of Hypochondriasis;
preoccupation with sexual urges or fantasies in the
presence of a Paraphilia; or guilty ruminations in the
presence of Major Depressive Disorder).
• E. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological
effects of a substance(e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication)
or a general medical condition.
• Specify if:
With Poor Insight: if, for most of the time during the
current episode the person does not recognize that the
obsessions and compulsions are excessive or unreasonable
Post traumatic stress disorder
Stressor psikososial
Keluhan fisik
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Clinical features:
A condition marked by the development of •Painful reexperiencing of the event, a pattern of
symptoms after exposure to traumatic life avoidance and emotional numbning, and fairly
events constant hyperarousal.
Epidemiology: significantly higher in •The disorder may not develop until months or
women. Most likely to occur in those who even years after the event.
are single, divorced, widowed, socially •The mental status examination often reveals
withdrawn, or of low socioeconomic level feelings of guilt, rejection, and humiliation.
•May also describe dissociative states and panic
Presdiposing vulnerability factors in PTSD: attacks, and illusions and hallucinations
•Presence of childhood trauma •Associated symptoms can include aggression,
•Borderline, paranoid, dependent, or violence, poor impulse control, depression, and
antisocial personality disoder traits substance-related disorders
•Inadequate family or peer support system •Cognitive testing may reveal impaired memory
•Being female and attention
•Genetic vulnerability to psychiatric illness
•Recent stressful life changes Treatment-> major approaches are support,
•Perception of an external locus of control encouragement to discuss the event, and
(natural cause) rather than an internal one education about a variety of coping mechanisms
(human cause) (relaxation)
•Recent excessive alcohol intake •Pharmacotherapy: SSRIs (sertraline and
paroxetine)
•Psychotherapy: behavior therapy, cognitive
therapy, and hypnosis
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Timbul sbg akibat/respons yg berkepanjangan & atau
tertunda thd kejadian atau situasi yg menimbulkan stres
• Faktor predisposisi yaitu ciri kepribadian (misalnya
kompulsif astenik) dpt menurunkan kadar ambang
• Gejala khas
– Episode2 bayangan kejadian traumatik terulang kembali (“flash
backs”) atau mimpi
– Terjadi perasaan “beku” dan penumpukan emosi
– Menjauhi orla
– Tidak responsif thd lingkungannya
– Menghindari aktivitas2/situasi yg berkaitan menghindari ingatan
traumatik
– Bisa mendadak ketakutan, panik atau agresif
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Terjadi bangkitan otonomik berlebihan dgn
kenekatan yg berlebih, mudah kaget,
tertegun, insomnia
• Bisa disertai anxietas & depresi, dan ide
bunuh diri
• Onset bbrp minggu – bulan = 6 bulan
(perjalanan berfluktuasi)
Pedoman Diagnostik
• Timbulnya dlm waktu 6 bln, disebabkan oleh
suatu peristiwa traumatik yg luar biasa berat
• Onset > 6 bln dgn manifest klinis khas seperti
yg telah disebutkan
• Termasuk : Neurosis Traumatik
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Tipikal Gejala PTSD
• Reexperiencing the traumatic event
– Menghidupkan kembali dlm ingatannya ttg peristiwa traumatis tsb
• Avoidance
– Penderita akan menghindari aktivitas atau situasi yg mengingatkan
kembali pd kejadian traumatis
• Reduced responsiveness
– Tdk responsif thd dunia luar, psychic numbing (kaku/dingin), emotional
anesthesia
• Increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
– Meningkatkan keterbangkitan, mjd waspada, respon yg berlebihan &
gangguan tidur
– Perasaan bersalah krn dpt bertahan dr kejadian traumatis, sedangkan
orang lain tdk
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Terapi
• Pendekatan utama adalah mendukng,
mendorong untuk mendiskusikan peristiwa
dan pendidikan tentang berbagai mekanisme
mengatasinya.
• Uji klinis menyatakan imipramin dan
antitriptilin baik.
• Obat lain yang mungkin berguna adalah SSRI,
MAOI, dan antikonvulsan.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Prognosis
• 30% pasien pulih sempurna,
• 40% terus menderita gejla ringan
• 20%terus mengalami gejala sedang
• 10% tidak berubah atau malah memburuk
• Umumnya orang yang sangat muda atau
sangat lebih tua mengalami kesulitan
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/a-review-of-pharmacotherapy-for-ptsd
Gangguan somatoform
F45. Gangguan Somatoform
Klasifikasi
1. Gangguan somatisasi, yang ditandai oleh banyak
keluhan fisik yang mempengaruhi banyak sistem organ
2. Gangguan konversi, ditandai oleh satu atau dua keluhan
Introduction 3.
neurologis
Hypochondriasis, ditandai dengan kurang fokus pada
•Gangguan somatoform = gejala daripada keyakinan pasien bahwa mereka
kelompok luas penyakit yang memiliki penyakit tertentu
memiliki tanda-tanda fisik dan 4. Gangguan dismorfik tubuh, ditandai dengan keyakinan
palsu atau persepsi berlebihan bahwa bagian tubuh
gejala yang mencakup interaksi
yang rusak
pikiran dan tubuh. 5. Gangguan nyeri, ditandai dengan gejala nyeri yang baik
•Belum dipahami bagaimana semata-mata terkait dengan, atau secara signifikan
mekanisme kerjanya, sehingga diperburuk oleh faktor psikologis
6. Gangguan somatoform dibedakan, yang meliputi
muncul impuls ke dalam otak yang
gangguan somatoform tidak dinyatakan dijelaskan
memicu gangguan somatoform bahwa telah hadir selama 6 bulan atau lebih
7. Gangguan somatoform tidak ditentukan, yang
merupakan kategori gejala somatoform yang tidak
memenuhi salah satu diagnosis gangguan somatoform
yang disebutkan di atas
48
F45.0. Gg Somatisasi
A. A history of many physical complaints beginning before age 30 years that occur
Introduction over a period of several years and result in treatment being sought or significant
1. Clinical Presentation : impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Polysymptomatic, Recurrent and chronic, B. Each of the following criteria must have been met, with individual symptoms
Sickly by history occurring at any time during the course of the disturbance:
2. Demographic and Epidemiological 1. four pain symptoms: a history of pain related to at least four different sites
Features : or functions (e.g., head, abdomen, back, joints, extremities, chest, rectum,
Young age, Female predominance 20 to during menstruation, during sexual intercourse, or during urination)
1, Familial pattern, 5% -10% incidence in,
2. two gastrointestinal symptoms: a history of at least two gastrointestinal
primary care populations
symptoms other than pain (e.g., nausea, bloating, vomiting other than
3. Diagnostic Features : during pregnancy, diarrhea, or intolerance of several different foods)
Review of systems profusely positive,
3. one sexual symptom: a history of at least one sexual or reproductive
Multiple clinical contacts, Polysurgical
symptom other than pain (e.g., sexual indifference, erectile or ejaculatory
4. Management Strategy : dysfunction, irregular menses, excessive menstrual bleeding, vomiting
Therapeutic alliance, Regular throughout pregnancy)
appointments, Crisis intervention
4. one pseudoneurological symptom: a history of at least one symptom or
5. Prognosis : Poor to fair deficit suggesting a neurological condition not limited to pain (conversion
6. Associated Disturbances : symptoms such as impaired coordination or balance, paralysis or localized
Histrionic personality disorder, Antisocial weakness, difficulty swallowing or lump in throat, aphonia, urinary
personality disorder, Alcohol and other retention, hallucinations, loss of touch or pain sensation, double vision,
substance abuse, Many life problems blindness, deafness, seizures; dissociative symptoms such as amnesia; or
Conversion disorder loss of consciousness other than fainting)
7. Primary Differential Presentation : C. Either (1) or (2):
Physical disease, Depression
1. after appropriate investigation, each of the symptoms in Criterion B cannot
8. Psychological Processes be fully explained by a known general medical condition or the direct
Contributing to Symptoms : effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication)
Unconscious, Cultural and developmental 2. when there is a related general medical condition, the physical complaints
9. Motivation for Symptom or resulting social or occupational impairment are in excess of what would
Production : be expected from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings
Unconscious psychological factors D. The symptoms are not intentionally produced or feigned (as in factitious disorder
49
or malingering).
F45.1. Gg somatoform tak terinci : F45.3. Disfungsi otonomik
Pedoman Diagnostik
Pedoman Diagnostik
1. Adanya gejala-gejala bangkitan
otonomik, seperti palpitasi, berkeringat,
1. Keluhan-keluhan Fisik bersifat
termor, muka panas/ “flushing”, yang
multipel, bervariasi, dan menetap, menetap dan mengganggu
akan tetapi gambaran klinis yang 2. Gejala subjektif tambahan mengacu
khas dan lengkap dari gangguan pada system atau organ tertentu (gejala
somatisasi tidak terpenuh tidak khas)
3. Preokupasi dengan dan penderitaan
2. Kemungkinan ada ataupun tidak (distress) mengenai kemungkinan
faktor penyebab psikologis belum adanya gangguan yang serius (sering
jelas, akan tetapi tidak boleh ada tidak begitu khas) dari system atau
organ tertentu, yang tidak terpengaruh
penyebab fisik dari keluhan-
oleh hasil pemeriksaan-pemeriksaan
keluhannya berulang, maupun penjelasan-
penjelasan dari para dokter.
4. Tidak terbukti adanya ganggun yang
F45.2. Gg hipokondrik cukup berarti pada struktur/ fungsi dari
system organ yang dimaksud. 50
< Next >
Conversion Disorder (Kaplan)
Introduction:
nyeri pada satu atau lebih bagian tubuh Kriteria Diagnosis
dan cukup berat untuk menjadi perhatian A. Pain in one or more anatomical sites is the predominant focus of the
klinis. clinical presentation and is of sufficient severity to warrant clinical
Menyebabkan penderitaan atau kerusakan attention.
yang signifikan, atau keduanya. B. The pain causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. Psychological factors are judged to have an important role in the
Epidemiologi onset, severity, exacerbation, or maintenance of the pain.
10 -15% of adults
D. The symptom or deficit is not intentionally produced or feigned (as in
factitious disorder or malingering).
Treatment: E. The pain is not better accounted for by a mood, anxiety, or psychotic
Farmakoterapi Analgesik, Sedatives & disorder and does not meet criteria for dyspareunia.
antianxiety , Antidepressants (tricyclics
and SSRIs), Serotonin, Amphetamine Code as follows:
Psikoterapi Pain disorder associated with psychological factors: psychological
factors are judged to have the major role in the onset, severity,
Perjalanan: exacerbation, or maintenance of the pain. (If a general medical
Rasa sakit mulai tiba-tiba dan bertambah condition is present, it does not have a major role in the onset,
parah selama beberapa minggu atau severity, exacerbation, or maintenance of the pain.) This type of pain
bulan. disorder is not diagnosed if criteria are also met for somatization
disorder.
Prognosis Specify if:
Acute: duration of less than 6 months
Bervariasi, dan umumnya akut lebih baik
Chronic: duration of 6 months or longer
DD
PURELY PHYSICAL PAIN, SOMATOFORM 54
DISORDERS
Trikilomania