WIND

WIND

Subsidence Convection

WIND
 WIND
INSTRUMENT
 WIND SPEED & WIND DIRECTION : Anemometer & Wind vane
 WIND DIRECTION : Wind cone/ Wind sock.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
 WIND SPEED

- knots ( nautical miles/hour ) : 0.51479 m/second

- m/second ( meter /second )
- kmh ( km /hour )
 WIND DIRECTION : Degrees ( º )
 Conversion unit of speed

m/s km/hour mph knot ft/s

1 m/s = 1 3.6 2.236.936 1.943.844 3.280.840

1 km/h = 0.277778 1 0.621371 0.539957 0.911344

1 mph = 0.447040 1.609.344 1 0.868976 1.466.667

1 knot = 0.514444 1.852 1.150.779 1 1.687.810

1 ft/s = 0.304800 109.728 0.681818 0.592484 1

 WIND
DIRECTION NORTH- 360º

060º

WEST- 270º EAST- 090º

220º
SOUTH -180º
 WIND
REPORT IN MESSAGE
 180º/15 KT

 18015KT

MEANING :
Direction : 180º ( from south )
Speed : 15 knots
 WIND
REPORT ON CHART

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

090º /05KT 270 /50 KT

090º /10KT 270/ 65 KT

 WIND
REPORT ON CHART

NOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

090/05KT 270/50KT

090/10KT 270/65KT
 WIND
THE BASIC FORCE OF WIND

 Gradient force (G )
 Coriolis force (C ).
 Friction force (f )
 Centripetal force
 WIND
PRESSURE GRADIENT (G )

1004 mb
50km
1000 mb

G = 4 mb /50km
 WIND
CORIOLIS FORCE ( C ): force due to rotation of earth

 DIRECTION OF THE FORCE : Obyect or mass moving freely

over the earth surface deflected to left in the southern
hemisphere and to right in the northern hemisphere.

 MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCE

C = 2 Ω ρ V Sinφ
Ω = angular velocity of earth.
ρ = air density
V = wind speed
φ = latitude
 WIND
FRICTION FORCE : resistence to the
movement of air by earth surface.
 DIRECTION : opposite of the direction

of wind ( reducing the wind speed )

 LOCATION : in low level

- 2000 ft over the sea.

- 3000 ft over the land
 WIND
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
When isobar /wind is curved ,
centripetal force should be considered.
 WIND
GEOSTROPIC WIND (Vg) – if isobars are parallel
 Coriolis force pulls gradient force toward left (southern)

1000 mb

G
Vg

1010mb
 Direction of geostropic wind ( Vg) flows parallel straight isobar.
 WIND
BUYS BALLOT’S LAW
 If you stand with your back to the wind
in the southern hemisphere , low
pressure in on your righ.

 If you stand with your back to the wind

in the northern hemisphere , low
pressure in on your left.
 WIND
Geostropic wind
Magnitude of wind speed
G=C
G =2 Ω ρ Vg Sinφ

Vg = G / 2 Ω ρ Sinφ
 WIND
SUMMARY OF GEOSTROPIC WIND
 The wind have tendency to flow parallel to isobar
above the friction layer.
 If you stand with your back to the wind in the
southern hemisphere , low pressure in on your
righ.
 If you stand with your back to the wind in the
northern hemisphere , low pressure in on your left.
 Wind speed depend on the gradient force , air
density & latitude.
 In the same pressure gradient & latitude , the wind
speed is stronger in higher level.
 WIND
 GRADIENT WIND (V ) – if isobars are curved
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

LOW HIGH
 WIND
 GRADIENT WIND (V ) – if isobars are curved
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

LOW HIGH
 WIND
GRADIENT WIND (V ) – if isobars are curved
Magnitude of wind speed
C=G+f
2 Ω ρ V Sinφ = G + ρV²/ r

G f C V = G/ Ω ρ Sinφ - V²/ Ω ρ Sinφ

LOW
V = Vg - V²/ Ω ρ Sinφ
 WIND
GRADIENT WIND (V ) – if isobars are curved
Magnitude of wind speed
G=C+f
G = 2 Ω ρ V Sinφ + ρV²/ r
HIGH V = 2 Ω ρ Sinφ +ρV²/ r
f G
C
V = Vg + V²/ Ω ρ Sinφ
 WIND
SUMMARY OF GRADIENT WIND
Northern Hemisphere
 The wind system associated with a low pressure is cyclonic &
anticlockwise and wind speed is weaker than geostropic wind
 The wind system associated with a high pressure is anticyclonic
& clockwise and wind speed is stronger than geostropic wind

Southern Hemisphere
 The wind system associated with a low pressure is cyclonic &
clockwise and wind speed is weaker than geostropic wind
 The wind system associated with a high pressure is anticyclonic
& anticlockwise and wind speed is stronger than geostropic
wind
 WIND
 WHILE FLYING CROSS COUNTRY ,IN THE NORTHERN
HEMISPHERE ,YOU EXPERIENCE A CONTINUOUS LEFT CROSS
WIND WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH MAYOR WIND SYSTEM
.THIS INDICATE THAT YOU ARE FLYING TOWARD AN AREA OF
GENERALLY UNFAVORABLE WEATHER CONDITION.

 WHILE FLYING CROSS COUNTRY ,IN THE NORTHERN

HEMISPHERE ,YOU EXPERIENCE A CONTINUOUS RIGHT
CROSS WIND WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH MAYOR WIND
SYSTEM .THIS INDICATE THAT YOU ARE FLYING TOWARD AN
AREA OF GENERALLY BETTER WEATHER CONDITION.
 WIND
 TRADE WIND : Prevailing wind , almost continuous winds blowing with an
eastely component from the subtropical high pressure belt toward the
intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ ) . Northeast in the northern hemisphere
and southeast insouthern hemisphere.

 MONSOON WIND : A wind that in summer blows from sea (ocean ) to a

continental, bringing copious rain and in winter blows from the entirior to the
sea ( ocean ).

 LOCAL WIND
SEA BREEZE : a coastal breeze blowing from sea to land in the day time ,caused
by the temperature difference than the land surface is warmer than the sea
surface
LAND BREEZE : a coastal breeze blowing from land to sea at night time ,
caused by the temperature difference than the sea surface colder than the land
surface.

KATABATIC WIND : Downwards flow of air at night due to cooling of walley

wall.
ANABATIC WIND : Upwards flow of air in the day due to heating of valley
wall.
 WIND
 LOCAL WIND
FOHN WIND : A warm & dry downslope wind in the leeside of
mountainous area

GUST : a rapid increase in wind speed that last in few seconds

caused by terrain obstruction. According Annex 3 ICAO , gust
are reported when the variation in wind speed between peak
and mean speed is at least 10 knots and mean speed is at least
15 knots.

SQUALL : a rapid increase in wind speed that last in few

minutes caused by thunderstorm. According Annex 3 ICAO ,
squall are reported when the variation in wind speed between
peak and mean speed is at least 10 knots and mean speed is at
least 15 knots
 WIND
Velocity

≥ 10knots

15knots

squall

gust

time
 INFORMASI ANGIN UNTUK
PENERBANGAN

 Arah dan kecepatan angin permukaan yang

dilaporkan baik untuk kepentingan take off and
landing ( MET REPORT ) dan untuk disebarkan ke
berbagai bandara ( METAR & SPECI ) adalah angin
dengan ketinggian antara 6 – 10 m ( Annex 3 ICAO )
dari elevasi bandara/ runway level
 Di Indonesia oleh BMG angin permukaan tersebut
distandarkan menjadi angin 10m dari elevasi bandara
 Sedangkan angin lapisan atas ( upperwind )
dilaporkan sesuai dengan lapisan angin atas standar
flight level Annex 3 ICAO .
 FLIGHT LEVEL STANDARD – ANNEX 3 ICAO
UNTUK ANGIN ATAS ( UPPER WIND )

 5 000 ft ( 850 hPa ).

 10 000 ft ( 700 hPa ).
 14 000 ft ( 600 hPa )
 18 000 ft ( 500 hPa )
 24 000 ft ( 400 hPa )
 30 000 ft ( 300 hPa )
 34 000 ft ( 250 hPa )
 39 000 ft (200 hPa )
 45 000 ft ( 150 hPa )
 53 000 ft ( 100 hPa )
 60 000 FT ( 70 hPa )
 SISTEM ANGIN DI INDONESIA
 Di Indonesia ( diselatan equator ) umumnya angin diatas 3000ft
sampai dengan lapisan atas didominasi angin muson , yaitu :
 Pada bulan Mei, Juni ,Juli ,Agustus dan September, didominasi
dengan komponen angin timur ( easterly wind ).
 Pada bulan (akhir ) November , Desember ,Januari ,Pebruari ,
(awal ) Maret, didominasi dengan komponen angin barat
(westerly wind ).
 Pada bulan ( akhir ) Maret dan April adalah masa transisi dari
dominasi angin barat menjadi angin timur dimana komponen arah
anginnya berubah –rubah .
 Pada bulan Oktober dan awal Nopember adalah masa transisi dari
dominasi angin timur menjadi angin barat dimana komponen arah
anginnya berubah –rubah
 SISTEM ANGIN DI INDONESIA
 Disamping itu diberbagai bandar udara di Indonesia ,
kadang- kadang angin lokal ( sea breeze , land
breeze dan mungkin katabatic & anabatic wind )
mempengaruhi ( membelokkan ) komponen angin
muson.
 Bandar udara yang jaraknya ≤ 30 km dari bibir
pantai terdekat , pada siang hari ( diatas jam 10.00
LT ) dapat dipengaruhi angin laut ( sea breeze )
sedangkan pada menjelang tengah malam hari
sampai pagi dapat dipengaruhi angin darat ( land
breeze )
ANGIN MUSON BULAN JANUARY
ANGIN MUSON PADA BULAN JULI
ANGIN MUSON BULAN MARET
 SISTEM ANGIN DI INDONESIA
 Disamping itu diberbagai bandar udara di Indonesia ,
kadang- kadang angin lokal ( sea breeze , land
breeze dan mungkin katabatic & anabatic wind )
mempengaruhi ( membelokkan ) komponen angin
muson.
 Bandar udara yang jaraknya ≤ 30 km dari bibir
pantai terdekat , pada siang hari ( diatas jam 10.00
LT ) dapat dipengaruhi angin laut ( sea breeze )
sedangkan pada menjelang tengah malam hari
sampai pagi dapat dipengaruhi angin darat ( land
breeze ) ----- Contoh Bandara Soetta- Jakarta
RESULTANTE ANGIN MUSON DENGAN ANGIN LAUT
PADA SIANG HARI

LAUT

Angin Muson

Resultante angin Angin laut ( sea breeze )

RESULTANTE ANGIN MUSON DENGAN ANGIN DARAT
PADA MALAM HARI

LAUT
Resultante angin

Angin darat
Angin muson
 KECEPATAN ANGIN DI INDONESIA
 Karena gradient tekanan kecil maka , kecepatan angin di daerah
tropis termasuk Indonesia umumnya relatif lemah dibandingkan
dengan kecepatan angin didaerah lintang sedang atau tinggi.
 Angin permukaan ( lapisan ≤ 3000 feet ) pada saat kondisi
cuaca normal /cerah umumnya berkisar antara : 0 – 15 knots
 Angin atas ( upperwind ) umumnya berkisar antara 5 – 20 knots
 Pada lapisan 30 - 40 000 ft , diantara bulan Agustus -
September , diutara equator seringkali diamati kecepatan angin
bisa mencapai 40 knots .
Di utara Aceh pada lapisan 40 000 ft kadang-kadang dapat
mencapai 60 knots.