Biological science

 BIOLOGY- the science of life.

It deals with investigation of the
origin,history,structure,function,identification,cla
ssification,distribution, development,
inheritance, and significance of living things as
well as their relationships and interactions with
the environment.
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
 According to Method or aspect of study:

1.CYTOLOGY- cells
2.HISTOLOGY- tissues
3.ORGANOLOGY- organs
4.EMBRYOLOGY- embryo
5.GENETICS- heredity
6.PATHOLOGY- diseases
7.PALEONTOLOGY- fossils
According to type of organism:

1.Microbiology- microorganism
2.Bacteriology- bacteria
3.Parasitology- parasites
4.Virology- virus
5.Protozoology- protozoans
6.Phycology- algae
7.Mycology- fungi
8.Botany-plants
9.Zoology- animals
10.Entomology- insects
11.Ichthyology- fishes
12.Herpentology- reptiles & Amphibians
13.Ornithology- birds
Characteristics of Living Things
 METABOLISM

 GROWTH

 IRRITABILITY

 REPRODUCTION&
DEVELOPMENT

 ADAPTATION
Matter:
It’s what the world is made
of.
What is matter?
 Matteris anything that has mass and
takes up space.
 What do you know about
matter?

Solids Liquids Gases

 Solids
 Solids have definite
shape and definite
volume.
 Solids have mass.
 Solids take up space.

Read more!
 Particles in Solids:
 Are
packed tightly
together

 Have very little energy

 Vibrate in place
Analogy
 Desks in rows
 Liquids
 Liquids take the shape of
their container and have
definite volume.
 Liquids have mass.
 Liquids take up space.
Particles in Liquids:
 Are loosely packed

 Havemedium
energy levels

 Particles
flow
around each other
Analogy
 Students in crowed hallways
 Gases
 Gases spread out to
fill the entire space
given and do not
have definite volume.
 Gases have mass.
 Gases take up space.
Particles in Gases:
 Move freely

 HaveLOTS of
energy
Analogy
 Bees in a jar
CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
 Properties of Matter

a.Physical Properties
- Properties of matter which can be
observed without changin the substances
intonew kind of matter

(odor,color,taste,density,boiling & freezing

point)
 b.Chemical Properties

- Are properties that can be observed only when

thesubstances undergo a change in
composition.

- These are properties that determine the capacity

of a substance to react with other subsance

e.g C+O2 ---------- CO2

ATOMS & MOLECULES
ATOMS
 Smallest particle of matter not divisible by
any chemical means.
 Composed of protons(+),neutrons
(neutral),electron (-)
MOLECULES
 Form
when two or more atoms of the
same elements reacts with one another or
combined with atoms of the same
element.
ELEMENTS
 Is made up of onlyone kind of atoms

3 Kinds of elemets:
1. Metals- aregood conductor of heat and
electricity.

E.g Zn,Fe,Al,Au
2. Non-Metals- are good insulator against heat
and electricity.

e.g Na,H,O,He

3. Metalloids- possesses both the characteristics of

metals and nonmetals

e.g Arsenic,Boron,Germanium and silicon

 COMPOUNDS
Kinds of Compounds

1.Organic compounds
contains carbon compound
e.g carbohydrates,proteins and Gasoline

2.Inorganic Compounds
-usually do not contai n carbons. E.g
Water,Sodium Chloride
MIXTURE
 Is made up of two or more substances jumbled
together either homogeneously or
heterogeneously

Kinds of Mixture:
a. Homogeneous- is made up of components that
cannot be easily distinguished.

b. Heterogeneous- is made up of components that

can be easily distinguished
1. Which of the following
represents a physical
Change?

a. Silver that tarnish

b. Dry ice sublimingand forming

fogs
A small amount of sugar was poured
into the water. The solution was
stirred to mix the sugar evenly in the
water. The resulting represents a:

a. Heterogeneous Mixture

b. Homogeneous Mixture
The smallest particle that
makes up atom is..

a. element
b. atom
Which of the following refers to
the amount of matter in an
object?

a. Mass
b. Volume
Which is NOT a chemical changes of
matter.

a. Digestion of food
b. Freezing of water
HISTORY OF THE CELL
 ROBERT HOOKE- discovered “cell
 ROBERT BROWN- observed plant cells with a
distinct central part (nucleus)
 DUJARDIN- observed that cells were not
empty but filled with thick,jelly-like fluids
(protoplasm)
 Cell Theory

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN-
concluded that plants are composed of cells
and formulated the plant cell theory.

 THEODORE SCHWANN
conducted that animas are composed of cells
and formulated the animal cell theory

 RUDOLF VIRCHOW
Conducted that cells must only come from pre-
existingcells.
Cell size and shape
 Smallest cell- Bacterium known as
Mycoplasma
 Largest cell- Nerve cell in a giraffe’s neck.
 Ideal shape of the an isolated cell is
SPHERICAL
Types of Cell
 PROKARYOTIC CELL
cells without true nucleus

 EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cells with true nucleus
A cell without true nucleus

a.ProkayoticCell
b.Eukaryote Cell
Cell with a distinct nucleus
a.ProkayoticCell
b.Eukaryote Cell
Discovered and a gave the
term “cell”

a.Robert Hooke
b.Robert Brown
Proposed that animals are
made up of cell
a. Scheleiden
b. Schwann
Proposed that plants are
made up of cells.
a. Scheleiden
b. Schwann
Longest Cell
a. Germ Cell
b. Nerve Cell
The smallest Cell
a. Red Blood Cell
b. Mycoplasma