Nyeri/pain :
Suatu fenomena multifaktorial yang terdiri
atas rangsangan sakit, intepretasi dan reaksi
terhadap rangsangan tersebut
EPIDEMIOLOG
I
Jutaan orang – partially/totalle disable – pain
Di Amerika biaya karena nyeri -- > 50 juta US $
AKUT KRONIS
Fatigue
Anxiety Cancer
Anxiety
Non cancer Uncertainty
patologypathology
The patient,
Adverse effect s their pain and Comm. difficulty
of treatment pain perception
Relationship
difficulties
Other emotions
eg. Sadness, anger, guilt Past pain
experience
Losses
KUANTIFIKASI NYERI
Numerical pain scale
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mu Analgesia
Depresi pernafasan
Euphoria
Ketergantungan fisik
Konstipasi
Kappa Analgesia
Sedasi
Miosis
Delta Analgesia
EQUIVALENTS DOSE
Kodein + +++ + + + +
Hidrokodon + +++ + - - +
Hidromorphon ++ +++ ++ + + ++
Morphin ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Oksikodon ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Fentanil ++ - + - + -
Meperidin ++ + ++ + - ++
Metadon ++ ++ ++ + + +
Propoxyphen + - + + + +
OBAT ANALGETIKA NON-
OPIOID YG OTC & OWA
OTC : ASETAMINOFEN, ASETOSAL,
SALISILAMIDA, ETOKSIBEN
-ZAMIDA, IBUPROFEN,
METILSALISILAT, KAPSAISIN,
MENTOL
OWA: DIKLOFENAK, PIROKSIKAM,
ASAM MEFENAMAT,ANTALGIN
, GLAFENIN(SDH DITARIK),
BENORILAT
Asetaminofen
• Analgetika • Tdk ada efek
• Menghambat COX antiinflamasi
secara selektif di
• Toksisitas liver
sistem syaraf pusat
(ssp) KOMBINASI :
(konjugasi) (oksidasi)
Arachidonic Acid
COX Lipoxygenase
Prostaglandins Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclin
Asetosal
Dosis lazim Efek
80 – 160 mg Antiplatelet
325 – 1000 mg Analgesic, antipyretic
325 mg – 6 grams Antiinflammatory,
tinnitus
6 – 10 grams Respiratory alkalosis
10 – 20 grams Fever, dehydration,
acidosis
> 20 grams Shock, coma
Ulser
Selektivitas terhadap COX-1
dan COX-2
• Sebagian besar NSAID (COX-1 > COX-2)
• Nabumeton dan Etodolak (COX-1 =
COX-2)
• Celecoxib (Celebrex) and Rofecoxib
(Vioxx) ( COX-2 > COX-1)
Rofecoxib (Vioxx)
• Waktu paro ~ 17 jam
• Metabolisme di liver
• Tdk mengandung atom sulfur
• DITARIK DARI PEREDARAN KRN
• ESO KE JANTUNG
ANALGETIKA AJUVAN
• Antikonvulsan : karbamazepin, okskarbazepin,
gabapentin, fenitoin
• Antidepresan : amitriptilin, desipramin, sertralin
• Anestesi lokal : lidokain HCl
• Antiemetika : metoklopramid
• Stimulansia : amfetamin
• Laksansia : laktulosa
• Neuroleptika/antipsikotik : haloperidol, flufenazin
• Antihistamin : hidroksizin
• Anticemas : alprazolam, lorazepam
• Muscle relaxant : diazepam
• dll : capsaicin, glukosamin
Adjuvant Analgesic Drugs
• 1.KOMUNIKATOR YG BAIK
• 2.SUPLIER OBAT YG BAIK
• 3.TRAINER DAN SUPERVISOR
• 4.KOLABOLATOR
• 5.PROMOTOR
• (WHO, 1998)
PHARMACEUTICAL CARE (KIE PD PX)
1.Drug name (generic and brand name)
2.Intended use and expected action
3.Route, dosage form, dosage, and administration schedule
4.Special directions for preparation
5.Special directions for administration
6.Precautions to be observed during administration
7.Common side effects that may be encountered; avoidance and
action required if they occur
8.Techniques for self-monitoring of drug therapy
9.Proper storage
10.Potential drug-drug or drug-food interactions or other
therapeutic contraindications
11.Prescription refill information (for prescription products)
12.Action to be taken in the event of a missed dose
13.Other information peculiar to the specific patient or drug
TIPS UNTUK UNTUK PASIEN
PEMAKAI NSAID