APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
MATH 132

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

• NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

• SIMPLE CHEMICAL CONVERSION / DECOMPOSITION
• LOGISTIC GROWTH
• UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICE
• SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
• ISOGONAL AND ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES
• HEAT FLOW
• DEFLECTION IN BEAMS

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
•• The time rate of change of temperature is proportional to the temperature difference
between the body and the outside medium.

• - time rate of change of temperature

• - constant of proportionality (negative if the temperature is decreasing)
• - temperature of the body at any given time
• - temperature of the outside medium

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
•• Example 1:
• A thermometer reading is brought into a room where the temperature is , 1 minute
later the thermometer reading is . Determine the temperature reading as a function of
time and, in particular, find the thermometer reading 5 minutes after the thermometer
is first brought into the room.

• Example 2:
• A thermometer reading is taken out where the temperature is . The reading is 4
minutes later. Find (i) the temperature reading 7 minutes after the thermometer was
brought outside and (ii) the time taken for the reading to drop from to within a half
degree of the air temperature.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 SIMPLE CHEMICAL CONVERSION / DECOMPOSITION

•• From the result of chemical experimentation, in certain reactions in which a substance

“A” is being converted into another substance, the time rate of change of the amount “x”
of unconverted substance is proportional to “x”.

• - time rate of conversion

• - constant of proportionality
• - amount of unconverted substance

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 SIMPLE CHEMICAL CONVERSION / DECOMPOSITION

• Example 1:
• Suppose that a chemical reaction proceeds according to the given law. If two-thirds
of the substance “A” has been converted at the end of 10 seconds, find when nine-
tenths of the substance will have been converted.

• Example 2:
• Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the quantity of radium present.
Suppose it is found that in 25 years approximately 1.1% of a certain quantity of
radium has decomposed. Determine approximately how long it will take for one half
the original amount of radium to decomposed.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 LOGISTIC GROWTH
•• Assuming that the average birthrate per individual is a positive constant and that the
average death rate per individual is proportional to the population

Logistic equation

• - time rate of growth of population Limiting value of population

• - constant of proportionality
• - population at time, ‘t”

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 LOGISTIC GROWTH

• Example 1:
• A bacterial population is known to have a logistic growth pattern with initial population
of 1,000 and an equilibrium population of 10,000. a count shows that at the end of 1
hour there are 2,000 bacteria present. Determine the population as a function of
time.

• Example 2:
• The population of a certain community follows the law of exponential change. If the
present population of the community is 144,000 and ten years ago was 100,000 when
will the population double? In ten years what will be the population of the community.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICE

•• In hydraulics, the discharge “Q” or rate of change of the volume of a liquid through a
small opening or orifice located in a tank and under a head h is given by

• - time rate of change of the volume, denoted by Q

• - constant of proportionality or coefficient of discharge
• - head of liquid or the vertical distance from the orifice to the liquid surface
• - area of the orifice
• - acceleration due to gravity

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICE

• Example 1:
• A cylindrical tank 1.5 m in diameter and 3.0 m high stands with its axis vertical. The
tank is full of water and has a 10 cm diameter orifice (C = 0.60) located at the bottom.
Determine the required time to empty the tank of its content through the orifice.

• Example 2:
• A tank is in the shape of a frustum of a pyramid having a square section. The upper
base is 3.0 m x 3.0 m, and the lower base is 1.5 m x 1.5 m with a height of 3.0 m.
Determine the time required to lower down the water surface by 2.0 m through a 10
cm x 10 cm square orifice located at the bottom. Assume the tank to be initially full of
water and use C = 0.60.
Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
•• A simple closed electric circuit can be solved using the following relations
(volts)
- inductance (henries)
(volts)
- potential drop
(volts) - rate of change of electric charge
- resistance (ohms)
- current (ampere)
- electric charge (coulombs)
(first law of Kirchoff) - capacitance (farads)

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
•• Example 1:
• An inductance of 2 henries and a resistance of 2 ohms are connected in series with
an e.m.f of E volts. If the current is zero at time , find the current at the end of 0.01
sec if (a) volts and (b) volts

• Example 2:
• A constant inductance of 1 henry and a variable resistance ohms are connected in
series with a constant e.m.f of E volts. If at time , what is the constant E if at sec,
the current amperes?

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 ISOGONAL AND ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES
•• If G(x, y) represents a given one parameter family of curves and R(x, y) is another one
parameter family of curves, such that every curve of G intersects every curve of R at a
fixed angle , then R(x, y) is called the “ isogonal trajectories” of the given family of curves
G(x, y)

• If R(x, y) intersect G(x, y) at right angles, then R(x, y) is called the “ orthogonal
trajectories” of G(x, y)
or

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 ISOGONAL AND ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES

•• Example 1:
• Find the isogonal trajectories of the one – parameter family of curves
if .

• Example 2:
• Find the orthogonal trajectories of the one – parameter family of curves
.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 HEAT FLOW

•• Laws derived from the experimental studies of flow of heat in a body

• I. The quantity of heat (calories) flowing in a body is proportional to the mass (g) and
to its temperature ().
• II. Heat flows from a higher to a lower temperature.
• III. The rate of flow (calories) across an area () is proportional to the area and to the
temperature gradient, that is, the rate of change of the temperature relative to the
direction perpendicular to the area.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 HEAT FLOW

•• Laws II and III applied to a body under steady state heat flow conditions

where:
•q - constant quantity of heat flowing through the body having an area,
A (), normal to the direction of flow (calories per sec)
•K - constant of proportionality also known as the “thermal
conductivity” (calories/cm.deg.sec)
• - temperature gradient or rate of change of the temperature with
respect to the direction “x” (cm) normal to the direction of flow.
•u - temperature at any point on the body ()
Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 HEAT FLOW

•• Example:
• A pipe 20 meters long and 30 cm inside diameter contains steam at . The pipe is
covered by a layer of insulation 10 cm thick and having a thermal conductivity If the
temperature of the outer insulation is kept at , find (a) the heat loss in calories per
hour; (b) the temperature halfway the temperature.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

•• Neglect the weight of the beam

• If the beam is loaded by a vertical force, it will bend. The fiber above the neutral axis will
be in compression whereas the fiber below the neutral axis is in tension while the fiber on
the neutral axis maintain their original length or is “unstretch”. The curve defined by
these unstretch fibers is called “elastic curve” of the beam.
• Equation of the elastic curve is
• where:
•E - modulus of elasticity of the material of the beam
•I - moment of inertia of the beam relative to the centroidal axis
•M - bending moment at any section of the beam

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

• Example:
• The beam shown is 10 m long and loaded as follows: a uniform load of 100 N/m
which runs along the full length and a concentrated load of 5000 N at the midspan.
Determine the equation of the elastic curve and the maximum deflection of the beam.
The beam is simply supported at both ends.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
•• Exercises:
• A) A bacterial population follows the law of exponential growth. If between noon and 2
P.M. the population triples, at what time should the population become 100 times what it
was at noon? At 10 A.M., what percentage was present?
• B) A college dormitory houses 100 students, each of whom is susceptible to a certain virus
infection. A simple model of epidemics assumes that during the course of epidemic, the
rate of change with respect to time of the number of infected students is proportional to
the number of infected students and is also proportional to the number of uninfected
students. If at time a single student becomes infected, find the value of the rate of new
cases at the end of each day for the first 9 days assuming

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
•• Exercises:
• C) At 2:00 P.M., a thermometer reading is taken outside, where the air temperature is . At
2:03 P.M., the temperature reading yielded by the thermometer is . Later, the
thermometer is brought inside, where the air is at . At 2:10 P.M., the reading is . When
was the thermometer brought indoors?
• D) Find the orthogonal trajectories of the ellipses .
• E) A tank in the shape of an inverted frustum of cone has an upper base diameter of 2.0 m
and a lower base diameter of 1.0 m. A square orifice 5 cm x 5 cm (C=0.61) is located at
the lower base. If the tank is 3.0 m high and initially full of water, find the time required for
the water surface to drop 2.0 m .
• F) A body falls from rest against a resistance proportional to the cube of the speed at any
instant. If the limiting speed is 3 m/s, find the time required to attain a speed of 2 m/s.
Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT