Tie

Tie Tie

Tie
a) Floor carrying horizontal forces from wind by beam action b) Floor carrying horizontal forces from wind by virendal action
 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 1 OB WE 1/1

Hollowcore floor acting as a diaphragm
TCC April 08

Check the design of the hollowcore diaphragm, without structural topping, carrying wind load to
walls at each end, as shown below.

Edge beam

vs vs

Hollowcore
unit

vs A vs

KEY
vs - Very smooth surface
s - Smooth surface

Section A - A

Plan: 15 m x 9 m with 250 mm thick hollowcore unit

 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 1 OB WE 1/3

Hollowcore floor acting as a diaphragm
TCC April 08

For this example:

Hence:

and:

Use 2 No. hairpins (U bars) - 12 mm diameter

This check demonstrates that Exp. (6.25) is not usually a limiting control.

The design would now normally continue to calculate the tensile steel required in the edge beam to
carry the diaphragm tensile boom force, taking into account that this calculation must also
consider the other actions for the appropriate combination of actions.

Interface 3 Interface 2
Interface 4

Interface 1
 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 2 OB WE 2/1

Interface shear between hollowcore slab
and edge beam TCC April 08

Consider Example 13.7 in the Precast Eurocode 2: Design Manual24. Interface shear check is between
the edge beam and in-situ concrete provided in the joint (see figure). In this example the contribution
of the horizontal surface is ignored. The shear resistance of the interface between the upstand of
the precast unit and the main body below should also be checked.

Shear interface

600 175 110

200

In-situ concrete

The flange over each hollowcore is cut out and therefore the units should be temporarily propped.
1 No. H16 U-bar is placed in each void to interlock with projecting reinforcement in the edge beam
as shown.

Assume that the compression flange of the edge beam is 600 + 175 + 110 = 885 mm wide.

Check shear at interface according to Eurocode 2, Cl. 6.2.5.

 Beam shear strut

Slab shear strut

“Hang up steel” additional to

reinforcement required to carry
shear Eurocode 2, Cl 6.2.1 (9)

Slab shear strut

of column

Shear centre of beam

h1

h2
Gradual detensioning
mechanism Unit moulds or continuously
Stressed strands extruded units

Jack blocks and embedded

cantilever upright in
concrete strong floor

Unit in mould Strand Mould end plate

Detail of gap between moulds

 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 4 OB WE 4/1

Differential shrinkage
TCC April 08

Calculate the effect of differential shrinkage in a beam constructed in two stages as shown below.
The element is simply supported and 20 m span. The free differential shrinkage strain is 0.0002.

B785 mesh
1000

100

50

B283 mesh

In-situ concrete 300

2 x 2 No 7.9 super strand

Precast concrete

150

B785 fabric in in-situ concrete

B283 fabric in precast concrete flange
2 x 2 No. 7.9 mm super strand in precast rib
 Expanding material
to plug gap

Movement

Friction can
cause cracking

If no plug, hard material

can prevent rotation

Rotation

Rotation

Rotation can
cause spalling
 d2 > a1 +  a3 c3

r3

r2

c2 > a1 +  a2 d3
 > a2 + a3

b1

a a1
a2 + a2
a3 + a3 1

a
 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 5 OB WE 5/1

Bearing of a hollowcore unit
TCC April 08

A 1.2 m wide hollowcore slab seated on an in-situ concrete nib, treated as a non-isolated member.
The length of hollowcore unit is 9 m. The in-situ concrete beam is class C35/45 concrete.

Self weight = 3.33 kN/m2

Variable load = 4 kN/m2
Partitions = 1 kN/m2
Finishes = 0.7 kN/m2

Assume a 30 mm wide neoprene bearing.

Minimum value of a1 from Table 4.1 for a line support is 25 mm.

Hence:

Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4

The reinforcement in the in-situ concrete nib is assumed to be 20 mm vertically bent with a
nominal cover of 20 mm.

= 20 + 15 + 3.5 x 20 = 105 mm

Allowance for clearance at end of unit

The bearing stress should also be checked for the hollowcore unit.

20

H20 bar

10 30 105
20
Chamfer option Lowered support area option
The precast skins are
connected and spaced
by steel lattice

Main horizontal and

vertical reinforcement
for the wall is fitted
within the precast skins
 Precast concrete

Lattice reinforcement

In-situ concrete

Vertical reinforcement

Slab reinforcement

In-situ concrete

Lap length Vertical reinforcement

Tie reinforcement
 Decide which side props
should be positioned

Decide from which level

the wall should spring

Consider tolerances
for starter bars
 Use of U-bars or links recommended
to ensure reinforcement remains
in correct position during concreting

Distance to 1st truss Check sufficient lap length

is typically 340 mm with reinforcement in skin

In-situ
concrete

Lattice

Precast
concrete
slab

Main steel
Distribution steel
Hole grouted before
Grouting ring
placing column

Bars welded to dowel

table and column
reinforcement
 Shear tension Horizontal splitting cracks
crack

Anchorage Large crack

slip close to
support

a) Anchorage bond failure b) Shear tension failure c) Horizontal splitting cracks

 h/2
Limits to the
≤ 25 mm placing of tie ≤ 25 mm Limits to the
bar placing of tie
bar

40 mm

a) With grouting key at top b) With grouting key at bottom

h/2

Normal limits to
placing of tie bar

h/2
a) Edge support b) Intermediate support

In-situ concrete

In-situ
concrete

a) Edge support b) Internal support

 Transverse tie bars

/b (+/b) /cr

Tie reinforcement within structural screed Tie reinforcement within hollowcores

Tension lap length

Tying reinforcement within hollowcores

Tension lap length

a) For Class 2A structures b) For Class 2B structures

 100 x 40 shear connector
with 25 bar in welded
connection

100 x 100 steel plate

anchored into double tee unit
(The plate should be welded
to the anchorage bar)
 Steel end plate with
internal anchor for May protrude into
tie to support structural topping Lifter position decided
by supplier

Transverse bars for

shear flow with flange

U-bars to close links

at end of web.

Upper strand layer

may be debonded Link cage nominally
10 mm at 50, 100 &
200 ctrs in end 2d of
unit to aid anchorage
of strands
Lower strand layer
should never be
debonded

End U-bar or anchored

angle to restrain spall
potential at end of rib
 End of web End of flange
End connector with
welded tie bar
Structural
topping

Double tee

a) Standard double tee support b) Support of double tee with full continuity.
with welded connection Note: Temporary support of beam may be required
 Strut and tie (1) Strut and tie (2)

Reinforcement and anchorage provided for struts and tie layouts 1 and 2

Strand must be
present and must
not be debonded

Chamfer allows inclined tie to

be in optimum position

Strand must not be debonded

Strand must not be debonded

Only additional reinforcement for the mechanism of strut and tie is shown.
This figure is to be read with Figure 5.32
 Tie

Strut
Double tee

Tie
 Screed
H12 bar

Screed
H12 bar

a) Connection with dowel bar only

Screed
H12 bar

b) Connection with hanging and dowel bar

 90 15

10
90 15

100 min

100 min
15 90

a) Landing with sloping interface

10
100 min
90 15

15 90
90 min

10
100 min

15 90

b) Landing with square interface c) Wall with square interface

 Tie reinforcement in structural topping

375 15

Tie reinforcement in structural topping

15 375

120

35 Screed
40

70

120

Screed
375 15

15 375
 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 8 OB WE 8/1

Dowel bar for connection of precast stairs
TCC April 08

Consider a 1.5 m wide stair flight spanning 4 m, with a vertical spacing between precast units of 10 mm
permanent action of the stair flight.

Self weight of stair flight

where

Hence:

and

No req’d = 52.5/33.5 = 1.57

Use 2 No. 20 mm dia. dowel bars

 Full strength weld to
reinforcement to angle. Structural screed
Lap with structural
Structural
reinforcement.
Structural topping reinforcement

Structural
reinforcement

In-situ structure Full strength weld of reinforcement to angle.

Lap with structural reinforcement.
 50 mm recess for
Bar inserted to lap with finish surface Temporary 2 way
wall reinforcement braced props

Two horizontal bars

inserted within
‘U’ bar to lap with
wall reinforcement
In-situ wall

a) Stair flight with integral lower landing

50 mm recess for Bar inserted to lap with

finish surface wall reinforcement

Two horizontal bars inserted

within ‘U’ bar to lap with
wall reinforcement
In-situ wall

Temporary 2 way
braced props

b) Stair flight with integral upper landing

 FEd
ac

HEd aH
Ftd

ac’

z0
d hc


x
 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 9 OB WE 9/1

Corbel design
TCC April 08

is assumed to be 45 mm. The width of the corbel is 300 mm, other details are as shown below.

300 kN bc = 300

175
160
60 kN
Ftd
45


  605
Z0

605 650
o
67.64 Z
400

x/2
y
300
x = 120

Maximum stress in the strut is:

For an angle of strut to the horizontal of 67.6º and strut force is: Eurocode 2, Exp.(6.56)

Hence the stress:

Note: Further iteration could be carried out to maximise the strut efficiency.
 RW CCIP-030

Worked example 9 OB WE 9/2

Corbel design
TCC April 08

The tension force in the reinforcement:

Area of reinforcement required:

Try H20 bars:

Use 2 H20 bars

Area of secondary links required = 421/2 = 211 mm 2

Try H8 links:

Use 5 H8 links

See the figure below for layout of reinforcement in accordance with The Standard Method of
Detailing Structural Concrete32.

2 H20 bars

H32 bar

5 No
H8 links
 db

FEd
Zb ac

Ft2d
HEd

Ft1d

Zn

Full depth links to resist total

reaction equally spaced
Tension anchorage hh

Distance between edge of bearing

and inside of bar to be a minimum
of the bar diameter or 0.75 x cover,
whichever is greater

Cranked bars improve crack control

a) Section

Tension lap

Horizontal ‘U’ bar with

standard mandrel size

Nominal links at 150

b) Plan
 Overturning 1.35* Gk,f + 1.5 Qk,c

Qk,c Construction
Resisting 1.15* Gk,b

Resistance
beam

Gk,f floor

Gk,b

* Check that using a factor of 1.0 for both favourable and unfavourable
does not give a more unfavourable effect
a) Separate support systems can cause cracking in precast unit. b) Common support of precast floor and insitu beam.
 Structural slab Floor finish
50

300
100
60

440 1500
Permanent formwork
Stub columns
& acoustic insulation

550
Diagrid beams

300
1800
The concept wheel Structural organisation

Ceiling
extract

Supply

Floor services supply

between structure

Extract
 Floor finish Air supply, electrical services and communications

300

950
150 650

250

False ceiling Precast concrete radial beams

Lighting, sprinkers and air extraction

In-situ concrete slab on metal decking