Threaded Devices

ME3180
Wayne Book
From Norton, Machine Design
and Budynas & Nisbett Mechanical
Engineering Design
 Threaded Devices: Power Screws and
Fasteners
• Thread features
• Power Screws
– Function
– Thread types
– Friction effects
• Torque and locking
• Efficiency
• Fasteners
– Loadings (tension and shear)
– Stresses (Axial, Shear, Torsion)
– Types of fasteners
– Design for tension loads
– Design for shear loads
 Basic thread dimensions
• Number of thread starts
– For 2 starts, lead = 2 x pitch
• Tensile stress area = (/4)[(dp+dr)/2]2
• Proportions are standard for metric and U.S.
coarse and fine threads
 Power Screws (briefly)
• Three common profiles
– Square: an inclined plane wrapped around
– Acme: also tapers away from center; easier to
cut
– Buttress: uneven taper, strong in one direction
Forces depend on motion

Lifting Lowering
 Efficiency
• Screws move by sliding the nut over the screw
• Can be very inefficient, dependent on lubricant
and materials
• Modern plastic nuts can have very low friction
 Ball Screws
• Similar to power screws but have rolling balls
between nut and screw
• Very efficient
• Limited by speed
 Complex Designs
(combined reduction approaches)
 Stresses in the Design of Fasteners
• Axial
– Tension in fasteners (power screws may have
compression)
– Base on tensile stress area of screw
• Shear
– Stripping of threads (screw and nut)
• Conservatively based on one complete thread,
• For screw: As=drwip, wi = % metal at minor diameter
• For nut: As= dwop, wo = % metal at major diameter
•  = F/As
• Torsion
–  = 16T/(dr3)
Variety in threaded fasteners
• Cut threads
• Rolled threads (stronger)
•ASTM, SAE, ISO specs
• See markings on bolt
heads
• Proof strength:
permanent set begins
 Tension Joints

• Pretensioning is a critical feature

• Bolt is a spring in tension
• Clamped material is a spring in compression
• Loading is applied to the material
 Pretensioning Loads
on Deflection Graph

• Pretensioning is viewed as movement up on force

axis: different deflection in bolt and mat’l
• Loading is viewed as movement in along
deflection axis: different force in bolt and mat’l
• Separation occurs when force in mat’l = 0
• See Matlab animation
 Equilibrium Conditions in Parallel
Springs
Deflection of bolt  b and material  m
remain equal and opposite
 b   m   
Pb Pm k
  Pb  b Pm
kb k m km
where
Pb  load on bolt
Pm  load on material
while the supported load P
P  Pb  Pm
kb
Pb  P  CP
kb  k m
C  joint constant  1
km
Pm  P  (1  C ) P
kb  k m
 Factor of Safety Against Separation and
Note that tota l load on material is Yield
Fm  Fi  Pm
and total load on bolt is
Fb  Fi  Pb
while separation occurs when
Fi
Fm  0  P0 
(1  C )
Giving the factor of safety for separation
P
N separation  0
P
Factor of safety against yield
Sy Sy
Ny  
 b Fb / At
Increasing Preload and Effects on Factor
of Safety (separation and yield)
Ex 14-2
 Cyclic Loading after Prestress

Because of slopes of force lines the amplitude of

force in bolt is much smaller than force in
material. Note amplitude of deflection
fluctuations is the same for bolt and material
Cyclic Loading: A Realistic Example
(14-3) Drawn to Scale
Modified Goodman Shows Advantage of
Preload
• Note scales are different on axes
• Changing preload moves along diagonal line
• Small changes in preload quickly move in failure
zone
Resulting Factors of Safety
Ex 14-3
 Bolt Spring Constant
• Simple serial connection
of cylinders of two
lengths and diameters
– Shank has full diameter
– Thread has At
• Length of total spring is
length of material

1 lt1 ls
 
kb At Eb As Eb
Material Spring Constant:
Two Common Cases
Material Spring Constant

See equation
14.17 for
corresponding
formulae
A Little on Shear Joints