Reproductive
Sylvia S. Mader
Systems
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
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Outline
How Animals Reproduce
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Life History Strategies
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Control of Reproduction
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
2
Asexual Reproduction
3
Reproduction in Hydra
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budding of
new polyp
parental
polyp
4
Sexual Reproduction
5
Reproduction in Anemonefish
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6
Parenting in Birds
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7
Damselflies Mating on Land
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© Herbert Kehrer/zefa/Corbis
8
Life History Strategies
9
Life History Strategies
10
Male Reproductive System
Male gonads
Paired testes suspended in scrotum
Sperm
Produced by testes
Mature within epididymides
11
Male Reproductive System
Penis is cylindrical organ hanging in front of
scrotum
Three cylindrical columns of spongy, erectile tissue
Blood flow stiffens penis and increases its size
Seminal fluid contains
Sperm
Secretions from
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland, and
Bulbourethral gland
12
The Male Reproductive System
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urinary bladder
ureter (cut)
seminal vesicle
pubic bone ejaculatory duct
prostate gland
vas deferens
bulbourethral gland
erectile tissue
of penis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
seminal vesicle
penis anus prostate gland
vas deferens
bulbourethral
glans penis epididymis gland
foreskin
testis vas deferens
scrotum
urethra
13
Penis Anatomy
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dorsal vein
dorsal artery
dorsal nerve
skin
septum
erectile
tissue
connective
layers
skin
14
Ejaculation
Emission - First phase of ejaculation
Nerve impulses sent to epididymides and vasa
deferentia
Sperm enter ejaculatory duct
Secretions released
Expulsion
Rhythmical muscle contractions
Expel semen in spurts from opening of urethra
Contractions are part of male orgasm
15
Testes and Sperm
Testes contain one to three coiled
seminiferous tubules
Mature sperm have three distinct pieces
Head
Acrosome
Mid-piece
Tail
Normal human ejaculate contains several
hundred million sperm
16
Testis and Sperm
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vas deferens
epididymis
uncoiled
seminiferous
tubule
lobule
testis
scrotal sac
100 µm
b. Seminiferous tubules
a. Testis, cut to show lobules
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
acrosome
spermatogonium primary secondary early late immature sperm
(diploid) spermatocyte spermatocyte spermatid spermatid (haploid) head
(diploid) (haploid) (haploid) (haploid)
middle piece
tail
nucleus of
Sertoli cell
end piece
c. Spermatogenesis d. Sperm
b: © Ed Reschke
17
Hormonal Regulation in Males
Hypothalamus has ultimate control of
testicular sexual function
Gonadotropic Hormones
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Promotes spermatogenesis
Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Lutenizing Hormone
Control production of testosterone
Testosterone produced by interstitial cells of testis
18
Animation
hypothalamus
-
GnRH
-
anterior
pituitary
-
-
FSH
LH
+
+
Seminiferous
Interstitial tubules
cells testis
produce
produce sperm
testosterone. plus inhibin.
20
Female Reproductive System
Ovulation
An oocyte (egg) bursts from an ovary into
coelom
Swept into oviduct by currents in coelomic fluid
21
Female Reproductive System
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mons
pubis
glans
clitoris
urethra
labia
oviduct majora
ovary vagina
fimbriae
labia
minora
anus
uterus
b.
urinary bladder cervix
pubic bone rectum
urethra vagina
glans clitoris
a.
22
Female Reproductive System
23
Ovarian Cycle
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Ovarian cycle
corpus
5. Corpus luteum develops. oocyte
luteum
a.
24
Ovaries
Degenerates if no pregnancy
25
Animation
Follicular Phase
FSH promotes development of follicle
Follicle then secretes estrogens
Luteal Phase
LH promotes development of corpus luteum
Corpus luteum then secretes progesterone
27
Hormonal Control of Ovaries
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hypothalamus
-/+ GnRH
-
anterior
pituitary -
-/+
FSH
follicle +
LH
+
corpus oocyte
luteum
estrogen progesterone
28
Uterine Cycle
Sex hormones produced in ovarian cycle affect
endometrium
Days 1-5:
Endometrium disintegrates
Menses pass out vagina during menstruation
Days 6-13:
Endometrium thickens
Ovulation usually occurs on 14th day
Days 15-28:
Endometrium doubles in thickness
29
Female Hormone Levels During
the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
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Anterior pituitary
Hormone
Levels
FSH LH
Ovarian cycle
Ovarian
Events
estrogen
Hormone
Levels
progesterone
Uterine cycle
Endometrium
30
Ovarian and Uterine Cycle
31
Placenta
32
Female Breast
Each breast contains between 15 and 24
lobules, each with its own mammary duct
Lactation caused by prolactin
Colostrum produced until milk production begins
Milk production begins a few days after delivery of
a baby
After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most
common type of cancer
Should regularly check their breasts for lumps
Have mammograms (X-ray photographs)
33
Anatomy of the Breast
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mammary duct
nipple
areola
34
Control of Reproduction
35
Control of Reproduction
36
Various Birth Control Devices
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uterus
cervix
female
condom
f. Male condom placement Male condom g. Implant h. Oral contraception (birth control pills)
a: © Saturn Stills/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Michael Keller/Corbis; c: © LADA/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
d: © SIU/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Keith Brofsky/Getty Images; f: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Lars A. Niki, photographer;
g: © Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; h: © Getty Images
37
Infertility
Common Causes of Infertility
Females - Endometriosis
Males - Low Sperm Count
38
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
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Polar body
has
genetic
8-cell embryo Embryonic cell defect.
is removed.
Oocyte is genetically healthy.
egg nucleus
sperm nucleus
Cell is genetically
healthy.
Embryo develops
normally in uterus.
Embryo develops
normally in uterus.
39
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Attacks helper T cells
Transmitted by sexual contact
No Cure
Genital Warts
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV’s)
No cure, but can be treated effectively
40
HIV, the AIDS Virus
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41
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital Herpes
Simplex Virus
Type I - Cold sores and fever blisters
Type II - Ulcerations on genitals
Hepatitis
A - Sewage-contaminated drinking water
B - Sexual contact
C - Post-transfusion
42
Genital Warts
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450
360
Thousands of Cases
270
180
90
0
1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002
Year
© CDC/Peter Arnold, Inc.
43
Genital Herpes
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400
320
Thousands of Cases
240
160
80
0
1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002
Year
© G. W. Willis/Visuals Unlimited
44
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
45
Gonorrhea
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500
Thousands of Cases
400
300
200
100
0
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
© CNR/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
46
Syphilis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. b.
47
Review
Reproductive
Sylvia S. Mader
Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 49
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display