Earthquakes and Faults

EARTHQUAKES
AND FAULTS
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Curriculum Content
In Grade 7
CONTENT
1. The Philippine Environment
1.1 Location of the Philippines using a
coordinate system
1.2 Location of the Philippines with
respect to landmasses and bodies
of water
Where is the
1.3 Protection and conservation
Philippines?
CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
• the relation of geographical location of the Philippines to
its environment.
Curriculum Content
In Grade 8
CONTENT
1. Earthquakes and Faults
1.1 Active and inactive faults
1.2 How movements along
faults generate earthquakes
1.3 How earthquakes generate tsunamis
1.4 Earthquake focus and epicenter
1.5 Earthquake intensity and magnitude
1.6 Earthquake preparedness
1.7 How earthquake waves provide information about the
interior of the Earth
Curriculum Content
In Grade 8
CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners demonstrate an
understanding of:
• the relationship between
faults and earthquakes
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
The learners shall be able to:
1. participate in decision making on where to build
structures based on knowledge of the location of
active faults in the community; and
2. make an emergency plan and prepare an
emergency kit for use at home and in school
Curriculum Content
In Grade 8
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
The learners shall be able to:
1. demonstrate how underwater earthquakes
generate tsunamis (S8ES-IIb-16) ; and
2. make an emergency plan and prepare an
emergency kit for use at home and in school
(S8ES IIc-17)
OBJECTIVES
Specifically,
1. Give the difference between:
a. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
b. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
and
c. active and inactive faults;
2. Explain how earthquake waves provide information
about the interior of the Earth.
LET’S GET STARTED
1. Watch the short video of a news clip.
2. Think of this, what do you feel if you are living within these
areas? Play
Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7wpQx3bYX4

WHAT’S IN A FAULT?
Illustration 1
 Describe the picture.
 Is it related to the video shown earlier?
WHAT’S IN A FAULT?
Answer the following questions
1. What can you see in the

two illustrations?
2. How are the two
illustrations similar?
Different?
3. What do the red lines in
the first illustration
indicate?
4. Why are there fractures
in the second
illustration?
Illustration 2
AN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO
Play
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
PICTURE 1:
Broken windshield
PICTURE 2:
Diagram of the Main
Features of an
Earthquake
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Compare the picture of the
broken windshield with the
diagram of the main features of
an earthquake.
2. Identify the parts shown in the
diagram.
3. What can you see in the two
illustrations?
4. Can you identify from the
illustrations the main features
of an earthquake?
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
The focus is the point within The epicenter is a
the earth where seismic location on the
waves originate. earth's surface
It is the part of the fault that directly above the
has the greatest movement. focus.
The fault plane is

the flat surface
along which there
is slip (fault) during
an earthquake.
ACTIVE and INACTIVE FAULTS
Earthquake faults are caused by the movement of Earth's lithospheric

plate. Active faults have the ability to generate earthquakes while
inactive faults can no longer produce earthquakes.
EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake is the
sudden shaking of
the Earth that
occurs when
energy is released
when its
lithospheric crust
or tectonic plates
move.
How STRONG is the
EARTHQUAKE?
PHIVOLCS EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SCALE (PEIS)
 Perceptible to people only under

favorable circumstances
 Delicately balanced objects are disturbed
slightly
 Still water in containers oscillate slowly
 Felt by few individuals at rest

indoors
 Hanging objects swing slightly
 Still water in containers
oscillates noticeably
 Felt by many people indoors especially in upper

floors of buildings
 Vibration is felt like the passing of a light truck
 Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some
people
 Hanging objects swing moderately
 Still water in containers oscillate moderately
 Felt generally by people indoors and by some people outdoors
 Light sleepers are awakened
 Vibration is felt like the passing of a heavy truck
 Hanging objects swing considerably
 Dinner plates, glasses, windows, and doors rattle
 Floors and walls of wood-framed

buildings creak
 Standing motor cars may rock slightly
 Liquids in containers are slightly
disturbed
 Water in containers oscillate strongly
 Rumbling sound may sometimes be
heard
 Generally felt by most people indoors

and outdoors
 Many sleeping people are awakened
 Some are frightened/ Some run
outdoors
 Strong shaking and rocking felt
throughout any building
 Hanging objects swing violently
 Dining utensils clatter and clink / Some
are broken
 Small, light, unstable objects may fall

or overturn
 Liquid spills from filled open
containers
 Standing vehicles rock noticeably
 Shaking of leaves and twigs are
noticeable
 Many people are frightened / Many run outdoors

 Some people lose their balance
 Motorists feel like driving with flat tires
 Heavy objects or furniture move or may be shifted
 Small church bells may ring
 Wall plaster may crack

 Very old or poorly built houses and man-made structures are
slightly damaged although well-built structures are not
affected
 Limited rockfalls and rolling boulders occur in hilly to
mountainous areas and escarpments
 Trees are noticeably shaken
 Most people are frightened and run outdoors

 People find it difficult to stand in upper floors
 Heavy objects and furniture overturn and topple
 Big church bells may ring
 Old or poorly built structures suffer considerable damage
 Some well-built structures are slightly damaged
 Some cracks may appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface or concrete
hollow block walls
 Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are observed
 Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated sand lose strength
during an earthquake and behave like liquid
 Trees are shaken strongly
 People panic
 People find it difficult to stand even outdoors
 Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged
 Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground
settling or toppling
 Railway tracks are bent or broken
 Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or overturned
 Utility posts, towers, and monuments may tilt or topple
 Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken
 Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man-made structures to sink,
tilt or topple
 Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur in mountainous and hilly areas
 Boulders are thrown out from their positions particularly near the
epicenter
 Fissures and faults rupture
 People are forcibly thrown to the ground

 Many cry and shake with fear
 Most buildings are totally damaged
 Bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled and destroyed
 Numerous utility posts, towers, and monument are tilted, toppled or
broken
 Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken
 Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreadings and sandboils
are widespread
 The ground is distorted into undulations
 Trees are shaken very violently with some toppled or broken
 Boulders are commonly thrown out
 River water splashes violently on slops over dikes and banks
 Practically all man-made structures are

destroyed
 Massive landslides and liquefaction
 Large-scale subsidence and uplifting of land
forms
 Many ground fissures are observed
 Changes in river courses and destructive seiches
in large lakes occur
 Many trees are toppled, broken and uprooted
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What were described
in the Philippine
Earthquake Intensity
Scale (PEIS)?
2. How was the SCALE
devised?
3. How is the strength of
an earthquake
shown?
1. Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) gives the
quantitative and the qualitative description of how strong
the earthquake is.
2. The MAGNITUDE is a quantitative measure of its strength
in terms of the energy released.
The INTENSITY of an earthquake is measured in terms of
damages caused by it at a particular location
3. Magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of its size,
while intensity is an indicator of the severity of the
damages at a certain area or location caused by it.
4. Magnitude and Intensity decreases with epicenter. (the
farther the epicenter from the area, the less intense and
less strong the earthquake is)
A seismometer detects the vibrations caused by

an earthquake which are plotted by a
seismograph.
The strength, or
magnitude, of an
earthquake is
measured using
the Richter scale.
The Richter scale is
numbered 0-10.
How was the Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale
described?
The PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
describes:
 how an earthquake is felt in a certain area,
based on the relative effects of an
earthquake on structures and surroundings.
 It is represented by Roman numerals with
Intensity I as the weakest and Intensity X the
strongest. It has been used since 1996,
replacing the Rossi-Forel scale.
The Rossi–Forel scale was one of the first seismic scales to
describe earthquake intensities. It was developed by Michele
Stefano Conte de Rossi of Italy and François-
Alphonse Forel of Switzerland in the late 19th century. It was
used for about two decades until the introduction of the
Mercalli intensity scale in 1902.
MERCALLI vs RICHTER
Mercalli Scale Richter Scale
The effects caused by The energy released by the
Measures
earthquake earthquake
Measuring Tool Observation Seismograph
Quantified from observation of Base-10 logarithmic scale
effect on earth’s surface, obtained by calculating
Calculation
human, objects and man- logarithm of the amplitude of
made structures waves.
From 2.0 to 10.0+ (never

I (not felt) to XII (total recorded). A 3.0 earthquake is
Scale destruction) 10 times stronger than a 2.0
earthquake.
Varies at different distances

Varies depending on distance from the epicenter, but one
Consistency
from epicenter value is given for the earthquake
as a whole.
EARTH’S INTERIOR
Explain how earthquake waves provide information
about the interior of the Earth.
EARTH’S INTERIOR & SEISMIC WAVES
EARTH’S INTERIOR
Recordings of seismic waves from
earthquakes led to the discovery of
the Earth’s interior.
Seismic waves generated by an
earthquake source are commonly
classified into three main types.
Body waves
 Primary waves (P – waves)
 Secondary waves (S – waves)
Surface Waves
 Love and Rayleigh waves
EARTH’S INTERIOR
Body waves Surface Waves
 Primary waves (P – waves)  Love waves
 Secondary waves (S – waves)  Rayleigh waves
Characteristics of SEISMIC WAVES
o Primary or P-waves pass
through liquid and solid
o Secondary or S-waves
pass only through solid
and not through liquid.
P-waves travel faster than S-waves.

The time gap in the arrival of P-wave and S-wave
can give the estimate of the distance to the
earthquake.
VIDEO: 3D SEISMIC WAVES
Play
THANK YOU!

Earthquakes and Faults

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EARTHQUAKES

Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7wpQx3bYX4

1. What can you see in the

The fault plane is

Earthquake faults are caused by the movement of Earth's lithospheric

 Perceptible to people only under

 Felt by few individuals at rest

 Felt by many people indoors especially in upper

 Floors and walls of wood-framed

 Generally felt by most people indoors

 Small, light, unstable objects may fall

 Many people are frightened / Many run outdoors

 Wall plaster may crack

 Most people are frightened and run outdoors

 People are forcibly thrown to the ground

 Practically all man-made structures are

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

A seismometer detects the vibrations caused by

From 2.0 to 10.0+ (never

Varies at different distances

P-waves travel faster than S-waves.

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