Meiosis &

Sexual Reproduction

AP Biology 2007-2008
 Cell division / Asexual reproduction
 Mitosis
 produce cells with same information
 identical daughter cells
 exact copies
 clones
 same amount of DNA
 same number of chromosomes
 same genetic information

Aaaargh!
I’m seeing
AP Biology double!
 Asexual reproduction
 Single-celled eukaryotes
 yeast (fungi)
 Protists
 Paramecium
 Amoeba
 Simple multicellular budding

eukaryotes
budding
 Hydra
What are the
disadvantages of
asexual reproduction?
What are the
AP Biology advantages?
 How about the rest of us?
 What if a complex multicellular organism
(like us) wants to reproduce?
 joining of egg + sperm
 Do we make egg & sperm by mitosis?
What if we did, then….

46 + 46 92

egg sperm zygote

AP Biology Doesn’t work!
 Human female karyotype

46 chromosomes
23 pairs

AP Biology
 Human male karyotype

46 chromosomes
23 pairs

AP Biology
 Homologous chromosomes
 Paired chromosomes
 both chromosomes of a pair carry “matching” genes
 control same inherited characters
 homologous = same information

diploid single stranded

homologous
2n
chromosomes
2n = 4

double stranded
AP Biology
homologous chromosomes
 How do we make sperm & eggs?
 Must reduce 46 chromosomes  23
 must half the number of chromosomes

46 23
23
meiosis egg 46
23
zygote
46 23
fertilization
sperm
AP Biology
gametes
 Meiosis: production of gametes
 Alternating processes,
alternating stages
 chromosome number
must be reduced
 diploid  haploid
 2n  n
 humans: 46  23
 meiosis reduces
chromosome number
 makes gametes
 fertilization restores
chromosome number
 haploid  diploid
 n  2n
AP Biology
 Sexual reproduction lifecycle
 _______
 _______
 _______
 _______  _______
fertilization fertilization
 _______  _______
 _______  _______

AP Biology
 Meiosis
 Reduction Division
 special cell division in
sexually reproducing
organisms
 reduce 2n  1n
 diploid  haploid
 “half”
 makes gametes
 sperm, eggs

Warning: meiosis evolved from mitosis, so stages

& “machinery” are similar but the processes are
AP radically
Biology different. Do not confuse the two!
 I.P.M.A.T.P.M.A.T
Overview of meiosis
2n=4

interphase 1 prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1

n=2

prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2

telophase
AP Biology 1
 Double division
of meiosis

DNA replication

Meiosis 1
1st division of
meiosis separates
homologous pairs
Meiosis 2
2nd division of
meiosis separates
AP Biology sister chromatids
 Preparing for meiosis
 1st step of meiosis
 Duplication of DNA
2n = 6
 Why bother? single
stranded
 meiosis evolved after mitosis
 convenient to use
“machinery” of mitosis
 DNA replicated in
S phase of interphase
of MEIOSIS
(just like in mitosis)
2n = 6
double
AP Biology M1 prophase stranded
 2n = 4
Meiosis 1 single
stranded

 1st division of meiosis

_________________________
2n = 4
double
prophase 1
stranded

synapsis
2n = 4
metaphase 1 double
stranded

tetrad
telophase 1
1n = 2
double
AP Biology stranded
 Meiosis 2
 2nd division of meiosis
1n = 2
_________________________ double
stranded

prophase 2
What does
this division 1n = 2
double metaphase 2
look like? stranded

1n = 2
single
stranded
4
AP Biology
telophase 2
 Steps of meiosis
 Meiosis 1 1st division of
 interphase meiosis separates
 prophase 1 homologous pairs
 metaphase 1 (2n  1n)
 anaphase 1 “reduction division”
 telophase 1

 Meiosis 2 2nd division of

 prophase 2 meiosis separates
 metaphase 2 sister chromatids
 anaphase 2 (1n  1n)
 telophase 2 * just like mitosis *
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
 Trading pieces of DNA
 Crossing over prophase 1
 during Prophase 1, sister
chromatids intertwine
 synapsis
 homologous pairs swap
pieces of chromosome
 DNA breaks & re-attaches
synapsis

tetrad
AP Biology
 Crossing over What are the
advantages of
 3 steps sexual reproduction?

 cross over
 breakage of DNA

 re-fusing of DNA

 New combinations of traits

AP Biology
 Meiosis 1

AP Biology
 Meiosis 2

AP Biology
Mitosis vs. Meiosis

AP Biology
 Mitosis vs. Meiosis
 Mitosis  Meiosis
 ___________________
 ___________________
___________________
___________________
 ___________________
 ___________________
 ___________________
___________________
 ___________________
AP Biology
 ___________________
 ___________________
___________________
___________________
 ___________________
 ___________________
 ___________________
___________________
 ___________________
 Putting it all together…
meiosis  fertilization  mitosis + development

gametes

46 23 46
23 46 46
meiosis egg 46 46 46
23 46
46 46
46 23 zygote
fertilization mitosis
mitosis&
sperm
development
AP Biology
 The value of sexual reproduction
 Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation
 genetic recombination during meiosis
 independent assortment of chromosomes
 random alignment of homologous chromosomes in Meiosis 1
 crossing over
 random fertilization
 which sperm fertilizes which egg?
 Driving evolution
 variation for natural selection

metaphase1

AP Biology
 Variation from genetic recombination
 Independent assortment of chromosomes
 meiosis introduces genetic variation
 gametes of offspring do not have same
combination of genes as gametes from
parents
 random assortment in humans produces
223 (8,388,608) different combinations in gametes

new gametes
from Mom
AP Biology from Dad offspring made by offspring
 Variation from crossing over
 Crossing over creates completely new
combinations of traits on each chromosome
 from 8 million different gametes  “immeasurable”

AP Biology
 Variation from random fertilization
 Sperm + Egg = ?
 any 2 parents will produce a zygote with
over 70 trillion (223 x 223) possible diploid
combinations

AP Biology
 Differences across kingdoms
 Not all organisms use haploid & diploid
stages in same way
 which one is dominant (2n or n) differs
 but still alternate between haploid & diploid
 must for sexual reproduction

AP Biology