CHAPTER 4

WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

(WSD)&

ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN(USD)

0941739 BRIDGE ENGINEERING

DONE By:
BARA’ ALSAYYED
 4.6 example computation of horizontal shear reinforcement
A composite bridge deck is made of 12’’ x 24’’ ( 305mm x610) rec-prestressed
concrete beam, made composite with a 6 in (152.5mm) slab
Vu= 28.75 kips(128.kN)
e0 at Vu =1.3in (33m)
dp= 13.3 in (338mm)
dvf = dp+hf/2
= 13.3+6/2=16.3in (414mm)
bvi= 12in (305mm)
S=6ft (1.83m)

At first vuh is calculated

Since vuh=1.01 Mpa > 1.45 Mpa , its reasonable to stop and assume all vertical shear
reinforcement are extended into and anchored to the slab.
For purpose of illustration we will continue with the calculation.
 4.6 example computation of horizontal shear reinforcement

The interface shear force (Vuh) is given by:

Using eq.4.8 the interface shear force (Vuh) = 7.82 kN/mm length of interface :
Compute Pc ( the slab weight/ in length of interface , this is essentially the weight of the slab

Compute the limits on Vnh

 Compute the minimum required interface reinforcement (Acf)min assuming fy=60ksi
(414 Mpa)

Consider minimum reinforcement as an initial guess and compute Vnh

azlanfka/utm05/mab1053 5
Case (2): assume Vu= 45kips(200kN), design interface reinforcement considering No.3 U
Stirrups of area 0.22 in2 (142 mm2) and fy=60ksi(414 Mpa)
 Check interface shear resistance

Compute the limits on Vnh At last

Vuh=ɸVnh

2.761=0.7(2.9075+3.2/s)

S=9.24/(2.761-2.0353)
=12.73 in (325mm)

Use No 3 stirrups at 12 in
(325 mm) at that section
4.6 WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (WSD)
SIGN CONVENSION

The following sign convention will be divided into three parts:

1) Sign convention related to the top & bottom fiber:

(INITAIL STAGE) (FINAL STAGE)

2) Sign convention related to material:

4.6 WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (WSD)
SIGN CONVENSION

1) Sign convention related to the applied moment :

M(-) M(-)
Concave-down

M M
(stress at top) (stress at top)
zt zt
M M
(stress at top) (stress at top)
zb zb
4.6 WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (WSD)
Inequality stress condition
 Number of stress limits
 2 load (Mmax,Mmin)
 2 fibers to consider (top & bottom)
 2 stress limites (tension & compression)
Result is 8 combinations that have to
be checked (inequalities)
Note that Mp and Mc deepened on
Whether the constriction is shored or
Unshored.
Note : for shored & unshored
construction, two extreme loading
condition may be identified
At initial Mmin = Fi + MGP
At initial Mmax = F + Mc + Mp
Whrere :
Mp: sum of the external bending moments acting on
the precast beam alone under the effect of the effective
prestress.
Mc: sum of the external bending moments(excluding
Mp) acting on the composite section under the effect of
the effective prestress.
4.6 WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (WSD)

Inequality stress condition

When all external moment are

Of the same sign, 4 inequality
conditions are considered

 Resulting for 4 essential stress inequality conditions

 Plus 1 practical inequality condition

 Plus an extra condition that consider the sustained loading

 Plus a condition considering the check of the final compression on the top fiber on the
slab in the transformed beam.
This table represent
stress inequality
condition for both
Shores & unshored
construction

Condition III
Is checked for
both:
1)Total
service load
(max)

2) Sustained
loading (sus)
 Notes:
Few notes should be mentioned regarding the stress
inequality conditions

 All the allowable stress limits ( σ ) are calculated in accordance to

table 3.6

 As for condition (IV), when calculating Mc only (80%) of the

(live+ impact) is consider in accordance to
Table 3.4 (service III limited state)
 Note : regrading inequality condition (3)

e < k b  1 * (Mp+Mc(Zt/ Ztc’)__ σ* zt ) Due to sustain load (self

Due to total service load ɳFi weight +super imposed load)

e < k b  1 * (Mp+Mc(Zt/ Ztc’)__ σcs * zt ) e < k b  1 * (Mp+Mc(Zt/ Ztc’)__ σcsus * zt )

ɳFi ɳFi
In the case of sustain ML+I is included in Mc
loading ML+I have to But as it was mention
be subtract from Mc Mp and Mc depend on whether the
construction is shored or unshored
 Where :

 σcsus = 0.45 fc’ + the sum of effective prestress and permanent (super imposed) loads
 σcs = 0.60 fc’ + the sum of effective prestress and permanent (super imposed) loads + full live
&impact loads
 Note : regrading inequality condition (3)

e < k b  1 * (Mp+Mc(Zt/ Ztc’)__ σ* zt ) Due to sustain load (self

Due to total service load ɳFi weight +super imposed load)

e < k b  1 * (Mp+Mc(Zt/ Ztc’)__ σcs * zt ) e < k b  1 * (Mp+Mc(Zt/ Ztc’)__ σcsus * zt )

ɳFi ɳFi

 Condtion3 will be separated into two sub conditions , but one

condition shall be control in the design
 which will give the smallest feasible domain or the largest
algebraically value of the slope (a) (Mp+Mc(Zt/ Ztc’) __ σ* zt )
 Shored VS. unshored
unshored
1) Self weight of the slab is applied to
the non composite beam ,where the beam represent
the shoring for the slab during slab hardening.
Zt is used.
2) Super imposed + live & impact load are applied
Once composite action is fully developed ( after 28
days of slab hardening). Hence, Ztc’ is used.
Where Ztc’ = Igc/ytc’
3) Force (F) is assumed to act on the
precast beam alone at final service
loading , there by non composite section
properites is used.
same
Shored
1) Self weight of the beam is only
applied to
the non composite beam because the
presence of shoring , Zt is used.
2) Slab self weight Super imposed + live &
impact load are applied
Once composite action is fully developed
( after 28 days of slab hardening). Hence,
Ztc’ is used.
Where Ztc’ = Igc/ytc’
3) Force (F) is assumed to act on
the precast beam alone at final
service loading , there by non
composite section properites is used.
 Shored VS. unshored

Moment combination Unshored Shored

Mp MGP+ Ms MGP

Mc MSD+ML+I Ms+MSD+ML+I
Used to analysis of
the composite beam
where F &e are
known

Used to draw the

feasible
domainconstruction

Used to numerically
calculate the exact
value of Fi & e

azlanfka/utm05/mab1053 18
 4.6.1 CRACKING MOMENT

When the positive moment leading to cracking in the composite beam is larger
than Mp, then this increment in moment can be obtained by:

Where fr: modulus of rapture of the concrete of the precast

beam = -0.75 fc’ (psi) = 0.62 fc’ (Mpa)

The total moment leading to cracking in the composite beam:

 4.6.2 MINIMUM SECTION MODULUS OF COMPOSITE
SECTION
 As we discuss that numerical solution is an iterative method and may lead
for no feasible values for (Fi , e)

 And as also for the graphical solution this may happens were a feasible
domain may not occurs which in certain cases.

 this lead to the conclusion that the cross section is small to handle the
applied loads

 And required ( minimum) section modulus need to be calculated).

20
 4.6.2 MINIMUM SECTION MODULUS OF COMPOSITE SECTION

 The required (minimum) section modulus (Z) is calculated for both bottom and top fiber for both
shored and unshored construction.

unshored Shored

Choose
the
largest

Note: the condition inside the are required to guarantee the a positive value
for the denominator in the above equation which is essential
4.6.2 MINIMUM SECTION MODULUS OF COMPOSITE
SECTION

 Note that the solution for the zb, zt is iterative

because MGP & Ms is unknown

 Initial guessing of the cross section is needed, then

calculation is made for zb, zt , then these values is
are checked that they have satisfied the above
equations.

22
 4.7 ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
4.7.1 DESIGN CRITERIA

When analyzing prestress concrete beam at ultimate nominal resistance 4 main

design criteria must be checked:

1) criterion for minimum bending resistance Mu> ɸMn

2) criterion for minimum reinforcement ɸMn <1.2Mcr

This criterion guarantees that the failure of the beam does not occurs
immediately after cracking

3) criterion for maximum reinforcement

This criterion ensures that the section of maximum moment remains unders
reinforced
 4.7 ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

When analyzing prestress concrete beam at ultimate nominal resistance 4 main

design criteria must be checked:

As for ɸ, this factor is obtained by determining whether the member is

Tension controlled , compression controlled or transition

4) Criterion for moment redistribution

This criterion applies at continuous

Slab and beam , it allows for moment
Redistribution from on critical section to
To another, in order to account the
Formation of plastic hinges.
 4.7 ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STEPS FOR ANALSYSIS

1) Compute fps ( bonded Vs. unbonded)

2) Compute C ( rectangular Vs. T-section)
3) Determine the value of ɸ (tension, compression and transition )
4) check Mu> ɸMn
5) Check minimum reinforcement ɸMn <1.2Mcr
6) Check maximum reinforcement
 4.7.2 MEMBERS WITH BONDED PRESTRESSING TENDONS

COMPUTE (fps) IN CASE OF BONDED TENDONS

fps is computed by :
Where fpu : ultimate strength of the prestressing steel , ksi or Mpa

where fpy: yield strength of the prestressing steel , ksi or Mpa

4.7.2 MEMBERS WITH BONDED PRESTRESSING TENDONS
 4.7.3 MEMBERS WITH UNBONDED PRESTRESSING TENDONS

COMPUTE (fps) IN CASE OF UNBONDED TENDONS

fps is computed by :

Where C : the depth of the neutral axis at ultimate

Le: tendon effective depth, and equal to

where Li: length of tendon between anchorages

Ns: number of supports hinges crossed by tendon between anchorages or
discretely bonded point for continuous with anchorages at the end supports,
typically Ns is the number of the intermediate supports.
4.7.3 MEMBERS WITH UNBONDED PRESTRESSING TENDONS
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
 First explored by Magnel, a Belgian engineer
Plot of e versus Fi produced a hyperbolic curve
Plot of e versus 1/Fi produced a straight line
Therefore, we will use e versus 1/Fi

kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section

permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
Toward minimum Fi
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A
(a)
This is the minimum
C permissible
B prestresing force

D Aps

(b) E cgs
G
All four stress
inequalities are A
(c) satisfied within this Inqe.1
region. Thus all Inqe.2
combinations of e and Inqe.3
e(+) 1/Fi within this region Inqe.4
are safe
(feasible domain)
 4.7 HELPFUL DESIGN HINTS

 In the case of the numerical design 3 iterations will be held

 1) start assuming e =(e )mp then and substitute condition 5 in condition 3

(way3) which will result in : Mmax + σts*zb
ɳFi = *
(eo)mp-kt

Once final Fi and e are obtained, a recheck must be done for condition(1)
through (5) to insure that code requirement are satisfied.

If this trail fail go to the 2nd trail

32
 Graphical method assumption

 2 Assumption needed to be considered before construct a magnel diagram:



 1) 4 inequality conditions will be considered+ 1 practical condition

e  k b  1 * (Mmin __ σti * zt ) e  kt  1  (Mmin __ σci * zb )

Fi Fi

e < k b  1 * (Mmax __ σcs * zt ) e < kt  1 * (Mmax __ σts * zb)

ɳFi ɳFi

e > (e ) mp __ (dc) min

 2) the cross section is known were Fi & e will be the unknowns

33
 Construct the diagram
 Linear function will take the following form:

y = a x + b

e  (Mmin __ σti * zt ) 1 k b

Fi

 1st step evaluate x=0 and obtain y value (e=kb)

 2nd step evaluate y=0 and find were the line intersects (obtain x)

The formed line will represent the inequality condition the you have
considered.

34
 Construct the diagram

The value of x
kt This is the maximum
When y=0
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi Represent x axis
The value of y
When x=0

e(+)
Represent y axis 35
 Final graph

Toward minimum Fi
kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A
(a)
This is the minimum
C permissible
B prestresing force

D Aps

(b) E cgs
G

All four stress A Inqe.1

Inqe.2
(c) inequalities are
Inqe.3
satisfied within this Inqe.4
region. Thus all Inqe.5
e(+) combinations of e and
1/Fi within this region
The arrow represent the acceptable region, where if you took a
are safe
(feasible domain)
point in the direction of the arrow it will satisfy that inequality
condition and vast versa .
 After the diagram is constructed 3 cases will occur based on
the practical eccentricity
Case (1):
kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A
(a)

C
B

D Aps

E cgs
G

A
Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
e(+) Inqe.4
Inqe.5
 Case (2): Toward minimum Fi
kt This is the maximum Typical Beam section
permissible
This is the maximum
prestresingpermissible
force
prestresing force
1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A

C
B

D Aps

(b) E cgs
G

A
Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
e(+) Inqe.4
Inqe.5
 Case (3):
Toward minimum Fi
kt Typical Beam section

1/Fi
------------------------------------------------------------cgc
kb A

C
B

D Aps

E cgs
G

A
(c) Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
e(+) Inqe.4
Inqe.5
 Advantages

 No need to check stress limits when the point

that represent (Fi, e) are inside the feasible
domain.

 Quick adjacent for the value of Fi & the

corresponding e

40
 1525 mm
Ex 4.6.1
150 mm
23 m

 Consider the simply supported pretension beam with span A

 Of 23m the following proreites are given
 Ac=457.600 mm2 915 mm 230 mm
 yb=580.3 mm
 yt= h-yb=915-580.3=334.7 Aps
 Ix=4.301*10^10 mm4
 Zt=Ix/yt=128496821 mm3
230 mm
 Zb=Ix/yb=74113193 mm3
 Kt=-zb/Ac=-162 mm
 Kb=Zt/Ac=281 mm 460 mm
 dc min= 100 mm
 Unit weight of concrete = 23.6 kn/m3
 Wg=23.6 *0.4576 m2 = 10.8 kn/m
41
 4.8 USE OF STRESS INEQUALITY CONDITIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF SECTION PROPERITES

 As mentioned before that numerical solution is an iterative method and lead

for no feasible values for (Fi , e)
 And as also for the graphical solution this may happens were a feasible
domain may not occurs which as explained in the following 3 cases :

kt
 1) when the slope (a) for condition(1) > condition (3)

1/Fi
kb

Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
Inqe.4 e(+)
Inqe.5
42
4.8 USE OF STRESS INEQUALITY CONDITIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF SECTION PROPERITES

 2) when the slope (a)

kt
 for condition(2) > condition (4)
1/Fi
kb

e(+)
 3) when the emp lies above the domain
43

Inqe.1
Inqe.2
Inqe.3
Inqe.4
Inqe.5