II NH4Cl 28 22
Initially, the
temperature of the
reaction mixture rises
until the highest
temperature is reached.
• Combustion of fuels
• Rusting of iron
• Corrosion of metals
• Reaction between acid and alkali
(neutralisation),
• Respiration
Initially, the
temperature of the
reaction mixture falls
until the lowest
temperature is reached.
• Photosynthesis
• Thermal decomposition
for example
Consider an exothermic
reactants
reaction. Heat is given out to
the surroundings.
Energy
level heat of reaction
This means that the total (ΔH = negative)
energy of the products is less
than that of the reactants.
Hence, the energy level of the products
products is lower.
Consider an endothermic
products
reaction. Heat is taken in
from the surroundings.
products
The difference between the
energy levels of the products
Energy and the reactants is equal to the
level heat of reaction
(ΔH = positive)
amount of energy given out
or taken in (ΔH) by the
reactants
reaction.
Solution:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Energy
level ΔH = –57.3 kJ
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Exothermic reaction:
ΔH bond breaking < ΔH bond making
Endothermic reaction:
ΔH bond breaking > ΔH bond making
enthalpy change
(ΔH is negative)
products
Progress of reaction
products
activation
enthalpy change
energy (Ea)
reactants (ΔH is positive)
Progress of reaction
At the cathode:
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e–
4OH–(aq)
At the anode:
2H2(g) + 4OH–(aq)
4H2O(l) + 4e–
Overall reaction:
O2(g) + 2H2(g)
2H2O(l)
The overall reaction is simply the
conversion of hydrogen and oxygen to
water.
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Fuel cell and the ordinary cell