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Gerak Melingkar Dengan Kecepatan Konstan
Berdasarkan lintasannya, benda bergerak dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu benda bergerak pada
garis lurus, gerak parabola, dan benda bergerak pada garis melingkar. Perhatikan gambar di
bawah. Sebuah kincir raksasa yang sedang bergerak, lintasannya berbentuk lingkaran karena
benda ini bergerak melingkar.
Posisi sudut ϴ
Kecepatan Sudut
(Kecepatan Anguler)
Kecepatan Linier
1. Periode dan Frekuensi
Waktu yang dibutuhkan suatu benda yang begerak melingkar untuk melakukan satu putaran penuh dise
but periode. Pada umumnya periode diberi notasi T. Satuan SI periode adalah sekon (s). Banyaknya jum
lah putaran yang ditempuh oleh suatu benda yang bergerak melingkar dalam selang waktu satu sekon
disebut frekuensi. Satuan frekuensi dalam SI adalah putaran per sekon atau hertz (Hz).
Keterangan:
T : periode (s)
f : frekuensi (Hz)
n : banyak putaran
t : lamanya berputar
2. Posisi sudut ϴ
Gambar 3.3 melukiskan sebuah titik P yang berputar terhadap sumbu yang tegak lurus
terhadap bidang gambar melalui titik O. Titik P bergerak dari A ke B dalam selang waktu t.
Posisi titik P dapat dilihat dari besarnya sudut yang ditempuh, yaitu θ yang dibentuk oleh
garis AB terhadap sumbu x yang melalui titik O. Posisi sudut θ diberi satuan radian (rad).
Besar sudut satu putaran adalah 360° = 2θ radian. Jika θ adalah sudut pusat lingkaran yang
panjang busurnya s dan jari-jarinya R, diperoleh hubungan:
Gambar 3.3
3. Kecepatan Linear
Misalkan sebuah benda melakukan gerak melingkar beraturan dengan arah gerak berlawanan arah
jarum jam dan berawal dari titik A. Selang waktu yang dibutuhkan benda untuk menempuh satu putaran
adalah T. Pada satu putaran, benda telah menempuh lintasan linear sepanjang satu keliling lingkaran
(2πr ), dengan r adalah jarak benda dengan pusat lingkaran (O) atau jari-jari lingkaran. Kecepatan
linear (v) merupakan hasil bagi panjang lintasan linear yang ditempuh benda dengan selang waktu
tempuhnya. Secara matematis dapat ditulis sebagai berikut.
2𝜋𝑟 1
v= Kita ketahui bahwa T = maka persamaan kecepatan linear dapat ditulis v = 2π rf
𝑇 𝑓
4. Kecepatan Sudut (Kecepatan Anguler)
Dalam selang waktu Δt , benda telah menempuh lintasan sepanjang busur AB, dan sudut sebesar Δ𝜗.
Oleh karena itu, kecepatan sudut merupakan besar sudut yang ditempuh tiap satu satuan waktu.
Satuan kecepatan sudut adalah rad s-1. Selain itu, satuan lain yang sering digunakan untuk menentukan
kecepatan pada sebuah mesin adalah rpm, singkatan dari rotation per minutes (rotasi per menit).
Karena selang waktu untuk menempuh satu putaran adalah T dan dalam satu putaran sudut yang
ditempuh benda adalah 360° ( 2π ), maka persamaan kecepatan sudutnya adalah 𝜔 = 2 π /T Kita ketahui
bahwa T = 1/f atau f = 1/T, sehingga persamaan kecepatan sudutnya (ω) menjadi sebagai berikut
Keterangan
ω : kecepatan sudut (rad s-1)
f : frekuensi (Hz)
T : periode (s)
5. Percepatan Sentripetal
Percepatan sentripetal dapat ditentukan dengan penguraian arah kecepatan. Karena pada GMB be
sarnya kecepatan tetap, maka segitiga yang diarsir merupakan segitiga sama kaki. Kecepatan rata-
rata dan selang waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menempuh panjang busur AB (r) dapat ditentukan m
elalui persamaan berikut.
1
∆𝑣 1 1
2
= sin 𝜃 v → ∆𝑣 = 2vsin 𝜃
𝑣 2 2
r 𝜃 = v x ∆t → ∆t = r 𝜃 /v
Jika kecepatan rata-rata dan selang waktu yang digunakan telah diperoleh, maka percepatan sentri
petalnya adalah sebagai berikut.
1 1
∆𝑣 2𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2 𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
as = = =
∆t 𝑟𝜃/𝑣 𝑟 1𝜃
2
Jika mendekati nol, maka persamaan percepatannya menjadi seperti berikut.
1 1
∆𝑣 𝑣 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2
as = lim = lim 1 = lim 1
∆t→0 ∆t ∆t→0 𝑟 𝜃 ∆t→0 𝜃
2 2
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑣2
Karena lim 1
2
= 1, maka as = atau as =ω2 r
∆t→0 𝜃 𝑟
2
Karena arah percepatan sentripetal selalu menuju pusat lingkaran, maka
gaya total ke samping tersebut harus selalu diarahkan menuju pusat
lingkaran. Gaya ini disebut gaya sentripetal (sentripetal = ”menuju ke
pusat”). Istilah ini hanya menjelaskan gaya total (bukan jenis gaya baru),
di mana gaya total diarahkan menuju pusat lingkaran. Gaya sentripetal
harus diberikan oleh benda lain. misalnya, ketika kita memutar bola
yang terikat pada salah satu ujung tali, kita menarik tali tersebut dan tali
memberikan gaya pada bola sehingga bola berputar.
𝑣2
a= →Persamaan percepatan sentripetal
𝑟
2𝜋𝑟
v= 𝑇
arad = 𝑇
𝑟
4 𝜋2𝑟
arad = 𝑇2
Benda yang berputar Horizontal
Misalnya kita tinjau sebuah benda yang diputar Dengan demikian, berdasarkan hukum II Newton,
menggunakan tali pada bidang horisontal, sebagaimana kita dapat menurunkan persamaan gaya
tampak pada gambar di bawah : sentripetal untuk benda yang berputar horisontal :
𝛴Fx = max
𝑣2
𝛴FTx = m 𝑟
Amati bahwa pada benda tersebut bekerja gaya berat (mg) yang arahnya
ke bawah dan gaya tegangan tali (FT) yang bekerja horisontal.
Tegangan tali timbul karena kita memberikan gaya tarik pada tali ketika
memutar benda (ingat kembalipenjelasan di atas). Gaya tegangan tali ini
berfungsi untuk memberikan percepatan sentripetal. Berpedoman pada
koordinat bidang xy, kita tetapkan komponen horisontal sebagai sumbu x.
Benda yang berputar Vertical
Misalnya kita tinjau sebuah benda yang diputar
menggunakan tali pada bidang vertikal, sebagaimana
tampak pada gambar di bawah :
Menggunakan hukum II
Newton, kita dapat menurunka
n persamaan gaya sentripetal
untuk benda yang berputar
vertikal. Terlebih dahulu kita
tetapkan arah menuju ke pusat
sebagai arah positif.
Ketika benda berada di titik A, pada benda bekerja gaya berat (mg)dan
gaya tegangan tali (FTA) yang arahnya ke bawah (menuju pusat
lingkaran). Kedua gaya ini memberikan percepatan sentripetal pada
benda. Ketika benda berada pada titik A’, pada benda bekerja gaya
berat yang arahnya ke bawah dan gaya tegangan tali (FTA’) yang arah
nya ke atas (menuju pusat lingkaran).
Gaya Sentripetal di titik A
Persamaan 1 Persamaan 2
Terlebih dahulu kita tinjau komponen gaya yang bekerja ketika Berdasarkan persamaan 1 di samping, tampak bahwa ketika
benda berada di titik A. Ketika berada pada titik A, hubungan benda berada di titik A (puncak lintasan), benda masih bisa
antara gaya sentripetal, gaya berat, massa benda, jari berputar walaupun tidak ada gaya tegangan tali yang bekerja
jari dan percepatan sentripetal dinyatakan dengan persamaan di pada benda tersebut. Untuk membuktikan hal ini, mari kita substitusi
bawah ini : persamaan 1 :
Berdasarkan persamaan, tampak bahwa ketika berada di titik A’, besar gaya
sentripetal (dalam kasus ini gaya sentripetal = gaya tegangan tali) lebih besar
dibandingkan dengan ketika benda berada di titik A. Dengan demikian, ketika
benda berada di titik A’ kita harus memberikan gaya putar yang lebih besar
untuk mengimbangi gaya berat benda.
Kendaraan yang melawati tikungan
Salah satu penerapan fisika dalam kehidupan kita, berkaitan dengan percepatan sentripetal adalah ketika kendaraan melewati tikungan. Pada
kesempatan ini kita akan meninjau gaya sentripetal yang menyebabkan kendaraan dapat melewati tikungan. Pembahasan ini lebih
berkaitan dengan gerakan mobil, atau kendaraan sejenis lainnya (truk, bus, dll).
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