GOLD, 2001
Leading Causes of
Deaths
U.S. 1998
Cause of Death Number
Chronic
Emphysema
bronchitis
Airflow obstruction
Lung inflammation
Anti-oxidants Anti-proteinases
Repair mechanisms
COPD pathology
Causes of Airflow Limitation
Irreversible
Fibrosis and narrowing of the
airways
Loss of elastic recoil due to
alveolar destruction
Destruction of alveolar support
that maintains patency of small
airways
Causes of Airflow Limitation
Reversible
Accumulation of inflammatory
cells, mucus, and plasma exudate
in bronchi
Smooth muscle contraction in
peripheral and central airways
Dynamic hyperinflation during
exercise
Asthma and COPD are both
characterised by inflammation
Asthma COPD
Airway Mucociliary
inflammation dysfunction
Airway structural
Airway changes
obstruction
Similarities between Asthma and COPD
Airway
Airway Airway Mucociliary
structural
obstruction inflammation dysfunction
changes
Systemic
component
Weight loss
Poor nutritional
status/reduced BMI
Impaired skeletal muscle
function:
- Weakness
- Wasting
Clinical Feature Asthma COPD
Age of onset Early childhood, at any age Mid-late adult life
Peak flow variability Characteristic of asthma, usually Often does not vary
> 20 % at all
Reversibility to steroids
Diffusion capasity
Airway hyperresponsiveness
Allergy tests
Imaging
Assessment of airway inflammation
•Sputum
•Exhaled nitric oxide
GOLD Workshop Report
Four Components of COPD
Management
1. Assess and monitor
disease
4. Manage exacerbations
Objectives of COPD
Management
Prevent disease progression
Relieve symptoms
Improve exercise tolerance
Improve health status
Prevent and treat exacerbations
Prevent and treat complications
Reduce mortality
Minimize side effects from
treatment
Assess and Monitor
Disease: Key Points
- smoking cessation
- reduction of indoor pollution
- reduction of occupational exposure
Influenza vaccination
Manage Exacerbations
Key Points
Exacerbations of respiratory symptoms
requiring medical intervention are
important clinical events in COPD.
1. Terapi profilaksis
Pemberian OAJ kepada pasien dengan faktor risiko, tanpa
tanda infeksi, dengan tujuan mencegah timbulnya infeksi
jamur. Terapi profilaksis biasanya diberikan pada awal
periode risiko tinggi terkena infeksi.
2. Terapi empirik
Pemberian OAJ kepada pasien dengan faktor risiko, disertai
tanda infeksi (misalnya persisiten dengan neutropenia
biasanya selama 4-7 hari) yang etiologinya belum diketahui
dan tidak membaik setelah tearpi antibiotika adekuat selama
3-7 hari. Terapi empirik diberikan kepada pasien dengan
diagnosis possible.
3. Terapi pre-emptive (targeted prophylaxis)
Pemberian OAJ kepada pasien dengan faktor
risiko, disertai gejala klinis, dan hasil pemeriksaan
radiologi dan atau laboratorium yang
mencurigakan infeksi jamur. Terapi pre-emptive
diberikan kepada pasien dengan diagnosis
probable.
4. Terapi definitif
Pemberian OAJ kepada pasien yang terbukti
(proven) mengalami infeksi jamur sistemik.
Pembedahan merupakan terapi definitif
aspergiloma.
Pada pasien dengan hemoptisis ringan dianjurkan
bed rest, postural drainage atau terapi simtomatik
lain.
Pada pasien dengan hemoptisis berulang atau
hemoptisis masif, pembedahan dilakukan dengan
mempertimbangkan risiko/toleransi operasi.
Jika toleransi operasi tidak memungkinkan,
dipertimbangkan embolisasi, atau pemberian OAJ
transtorakal-intrakavitas.
Gejala, faktor risiko
in
Profilaksis
Infeksi (-) Terapi Terapi pre- Terapi
Evaluasi respons OAJ empirik emptive definitif
OAJ sampai faktor risiko teratasi >> 3-4 OAJ dilanjutkan 2 minggu setelah perbaikan
minggu klinis, radiologi dan mikologi