CONTRIBUTION TO

THE IDEAS OF ATOM

AND ELEMENTS
(PHYSICAL SCIENCE – GROUP 4)
JOSEPH JOHN THOMPSON
( J.J. THOMSON )
J.J Thompson was a
English chemist and
physicist and
discovered the 1 st

sub atomic particles

 J.J. THOMPSON
Discovery of Electrons ( J.J.
Thomson’s cathode ray tube
experiment ) : J.J. Thomson
showed in late 1980s that
atoms of any element can be
made to emit tiny negative
particles called as “ electrons”.
 He conducted his
experiments
using cathode ray
tube ( CRT ) .
He conclude that
all types of atoms
must contain this
particle which he
 J.J. THOMSON’S MODEL
 PLUM PUDDING MODEL OR
RAISIN BUN MODEL
Thomson discovered that
atoms are composite objects,
made of pieces with positive
and negative charge, and
that the negatively charged
electrons within the atom
where very small compared
to the entire atom.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
  By 1909 , he had
 New Zealand shown that some
Physicist who radioactive elements
such as radium and
discovered the thorium emitted
nucleus and a positively charged
helium ions which are
small , dense , also known as a alpha
positively charged particles and when
particle present in passed through a
thing sheet of mica , a
nucleus called beam of alpha
proton. particles will spread
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Gold foil experiment

 RUTHERFORD’S MODEL : GOLD
FOIL EXPIREMENT
He had technique that allowed him and
his assistants , Hans Geiger and Ernest
Marsden , to measure the proportion
of alpha particles scattered at different
angles from various materials .They
would produced a pencil-shaped beam
of alpha particles and position a thin
sheet of gold foil at right angle to the
Then they would use a screen
coated with zinc sulfide , which
would detect the scattered
particles by letting off faint
flashes of light visible with a
microscope . By moving the
screen and microscope around
the foil , they were able to
measure the rates at which
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NEILS BOHR
  Basic Principles of Bohr’s
Model
 Corrected the 1.Electrons can orbit the nucleus
only at certain specific distances
critical flaw in from nucleus.
Rutherford’s 2.The electrons distance from the
model nucleus determines both the
kinetic and electric potential
energy of an electron in orbit.
 Focuses on
3.Only by emitting or absorbing
the photons of equal energy to the
quantization difference between energy levels
can electron move from one
of energy of energy level to another.
electrons .
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Erwin Shrodinger
 Austrian physicist
who developed the
electron cloud
model.
Electron Cloud model
 The exact path of
electrons cannot be
predicted.
 The region referred
to as the electron
cloud, is an area
where an electrons
can likely be found.
 Erwin’s Wave Mechanics and
Quantum Mechanics
(Quantum Mechanical Model )

Quantum Mechanical Model

is based on quantum theory
which says matter also has
properties associated with
waves . According to
Quantum Theory it’s
impossible to know the
exact position and
momentum of an electron
at the same time .
Atom uses complex shapes
of orbitals .This model is
based on probability rather
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HENRY MOSELEY
 Henry Moseley made the next great
leap forward with the idea of arranging
by atomic number using x ray spectra .
 He worked on the structure of the
nucleus of the atom . Moseley
discovered that the nucleus is filled
with positive charges that are
closely related to the atomic weight
of the atom and its chemical activity
. Moseley discovered an orderly
increase in the positive charge of an
atom as the atomic weight increase.
 Moseley’s Periodic Law

When Moseley arranged the elements according to increasing atomicnumber and

not atomic masses , some of the inconsistences associated with Mendeleev’s table
were eliminated . The modern Periodic table is based on Moseley’s Periodic law .