BROADCASTING

BROADCASTING

“To send out in all directions”

The process of transmitting information

(voice, music or video signal) by radio or
through television for reception by the
general public.

BROADCASTING
 INTERNATIONAL
AM BROADCASTING BROADCASTIING

HF: 3 – 30 MHz
MF: 300 – 3000 kHz
SKYWAVE
GROUNDWAVE
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
OMNIDIRECTIONAL HORIZONTAL POLARIZED
UNIDIRECTIONAL

TYPES OF BROADCASTING
SYSTEM
 FM BROADCASTING
TV BROADCASTING

VHF: 30 – 300 MHz

VHF & UHF: 300 – 3000 MHz
SPACE WAVE
SPACE WAVE
HORIZONTAL POLARIZED
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED

TYPES OF BROADCASTING
SYSTEM
1. Term in communications which means “ to send out in all directions”.
a. Announce
b. Broadcast
c. Transmit
d. Media

2. What is the process of sending voice, speech, music or image intended

for reception by the general public?
a. Navigation
b. Telephony
c. Broadcasting
d. Mixing

REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. Short wave broadcasting operates in what band?
a. MF
b. HF
c. VHF
d. VLF

4. The transmitting antenna for an AM broadcast station should have a

_____ polarization.
a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. circular
d. elliptical

REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. What broadcasting service must use directional antennas
a. AM
b. FM
c. International broadcast
d. TV

6. What type of broadcast service might have their antennas on top of hills?
a. FM
b. AM
c. TV
d. a and c

REVIEW QUESTIONS
AM BROADCASTING
 PARAMETERS RP Standard Int’l Standard

Broadcasting Band 525 – 1705 kHz 535 – 1605 kHz

Frequency Band Medium frequency Medium frequency
Channel Width 9 kHz 10 kHz
Station Spacing 36 kHz 40 kHz
Max no. of channels 118 107
IF - Rx 455 kHz 455 kHz
Fc Tolerance +/- 20 Hz +/- 20 Hz

AM BROADCASTING
PARAMETERS RP Standard Int’l Standard

Type of Emission A3E (DSBFC) A3E (DSBFC)

Modulation AM AM
Receiver Superheterodyne Superheterodyne
Antenna Vertical Vertical
Polarization
Type of Ground wave Ground wave
Propagation
Radiation Pattern Omnidirectional Omnidirectional

AM BROADCASTING
CHANNEL NUMBER CARRIER FREQUENCY

1 531 kHz
2 540 kHz
3 549 kHz
… …
… …
131 1701 kHz

AM BROADCASTING
ALLOCATIONS
 AREA LOW BAND MIDDLE HIGH BAND
BAND
525 – 918 kHz 1313-1705 kHz
919-1312 kHz
Metro Manila 10 kW 20 kW 30 kW
Metro Cebu 10 kW 20 kW 30 kW
Other Areas 5 kW 10 kW 15 kW
LUZON DZ../DW..
Call Signs VISAYAS DY..
MINDANAO DX..

AM BROADCASTING
ALLOCATIONS
 a. PRIMARY

The signal is not subject to interference nor fading

b. SECONDARY

The signal is subject to some fading but there is no

objectionable co-channel interference

c. INTERMTTENT
The signal is subject to some fading and
interference

SERVICE AREA
BROADCAST DAY RP LOCAL TIME

DAY TIME 6 am – 6 pm
NIGHT TIME 6 pm – 6 am
EXPERIMENTAL 12 mn – 5 am
PERIOD

PARTS OF A BROADCAST DAY

MAIN TRANSMITTER
Power rating: 1 kW

ALTERNATE TRANSMITTER

Same power rating and frequency stability as that

of the main transmitter
Must be co-located with the man transmitter

Used when the main transmitter failed or there

are some modifications to be made with it

TYPES OF TRANSMITTER
 AUXILIARY TRANSMITTER

Co-located or not co-located

Operating power may be less but never greater than
the authorized power of the regular main transmitter
Use during emergencies

Emergency Broadcast System ( EBS)

Emergency Action Notification (EAN)
Emergency Action Termination (EAT)

TYPES OF TRANSMITTER
ANTENNA SITE SELECTION

Location in relation to the population to be

served and other communications installed

Conductivity of the soil at and immediately

adjacent to the site

Conductivity of the path between the site

and the target area

AM ANTENNA SYSTEM
 ANTENNA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The transmitting antenna system shall be

vertically polarized and shall radiate an effective
field of not less than that of a 60-degree vertical
radiator

The antenna, antenna lead-in, and counterpoise

shall be installed so as not to present hazard

AM ANTENNA SYSTEM
1. One of the main considerations in the selection of antenna site for AM is
a. conductivity of the soil
b. height of the terrain
c. elevation of the site
d. Accessibility

2. The part of broadcast day from 6 PM to 6 AM local time

a. day time
b. night time
c. bed time
d. experimental period

REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. What are the frequency limits of the AM broadcasting band?
a. 88 – 108 kHz
b. 500 – 1600 kHz
c. 300 – 3000 kHz
d. 535 – 1605 kHz

4. What is the frequency tolerance for the RF carrier in the standard AM

radio broadcast band?
a. Zero
b. + / - 20 Hz
c. + / - 10 Hz
d. + / - 20 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. What is the channel width of an AM station?
a. 5 kHz
b. 10kHz
c. 50 kHz
d. 20 kHz

6. Standard AM intermediate frequency

a. 355 kHz
b. 455 kHz
c. 525 kHz
d. 625 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. Standard AM bandwidth
a. 9 kHz
b. 10 kHz
c. 12 kHz
d. 15 kHz

8. What is the allowable bandwidth of commercial AM radio in the US?

a. 10 kHz
b. 30 kHz
c. 20 kHz
d. 15 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
9. What broadcast stations use vertical antennas on flat ground?
a. AM
b. FM
c. TV
d. Short wave

10. The center to center spacing between two adjacent stations in the
Philippine AM BC band
a. 9 kHz
b. 200 kHz
c. 36 kHz
d. 800 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
11. The operating power of the auxiliary transmitter shall not be less than
_____ % or never greater than the authorized operating power of the Main
Transmitter.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20

12. It is a resistive load used in place of an antenna to test a transmitter

under normal loaded conditions without actually radiating the
transmitter’s output signal.
a. Auxiliary Tx
b. Main Tx
c. Secondary Tx
d. Artificial Antenna

REVIEW QUESTIONS
13. Marshy land is an ideal location for AM transmitters because
a. it optimizes ground conductivity
b. it increases antenna height
c. it reduces reflection
d. it enhances radio wave propagation

14. Service area of broadcast stations having a ground field of 1 mv/meter.

a. Primary Service Area
b. Secondary service Area
c. Tertiary Service Area
d. Intermittent Service Area

REVIEW QUESTIONS
15. Service area of broadcast stations without any interference but with
fading or intermittent variations on intensity
a. Primary Service Area
b. Secondary Service Area
c. Tertiary Service Area
d. Intermittent Service Area

16. Service area of broadcast stations that is subject to fading and

interference.
a. Primary Service Area
b. Secondary service Area
c. Tertiary Service Area
d. Intermittent Service Area

REVIEW QUESTIONS
17. One of the broadcast transmission auxiliary services
a. Remote Pickup
b. STL
c. Communications, Coordination and Control
d. All of these

18. An AM broadcast station in Metro Manila operating at 594 kHz has

a maximum power of
a. 5 kw
b. 10 kw
c. 15 kw
d. 30 kw

REVIEW QUESTIONS
FM BROADCASTING
 PARAMETERS RP STANDARD

Broadcasting Band 88 – 108 MHz

Frequency Band VHF
Channel Width 200 kHz
Station Spacing 800 kHz
Max no. of channels 100
Max no. of stations 25
IF - Rx 10.7 MHz

FM BROADCASTING
 PARAMETERS RP STANDARD

Carrier Freq Tolerance +/- 2000 Hz

Type of Emission F3E (mono)
F8E (stereo)
Modulation FM
Receiver Superheterodyne
Type of Propagation Space wave
Antenna Polarization Horizontal/circular

FM BROADCASTING
CHANNEL CARRIER FREQUENCY
NUMBER
1 88.1 MHz
2 88.3 MHz
3 88. 5 MHz
… …
… …
100 107.9 MHz

FM BROADCASTING
ALLOCATIONS
CLASS TX POWER ERP HEIGHT ABOVE
AVERAGE TERRAIN

A 10 kW – 25 kW < 125 kW < 2000 ft

B 1 kW – 10 kW < 30 kW < 500 ft
C -- < 1 kW --
D < 10 W -- --

CLASSES OF FM STATION
 FMn = FM1 + (n – 1) BW

FM = channel frequency in MHz

FM1 = frequency of the 1st FM channel = 88.1 MHz
n = channel number
BW = channel bandwidth = 200 kHz

FM BROADCAST FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION
 TIME CONSTANTS

PRE-EMPHASIS

US 75 usec
EUROPE 150 usec

DE-EMPHASIS

DOLBY 25 usec

FM BROADCAST FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION
Two audio signals (L and R) are mixed to provide two new
signals. The first is the sum of the input channels (L+R), and
the second is the difference of the two (L-R).

The sum channel (L+R) is The difference signal (L-

modulated directly in the R) is DSBSC modulated
baseband assignment in the 23 to 53 kHz slot
between 50 Hz and 15 about a stereophonic
kHz subcarrier of 38 kHz.

FM STEREO BROADCASTING
 PARAMETERS RP STANDARD
Pilot subcarrier 19 kHz +/- 2Hz

Stereophonic subcarrier 38 kHz (2nd harmonic of pilot

subcarrier

Stereophonic subcarrier < 1% modulation of the main

suppression level carrier

Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA)

Licensed system which has the purpose of providing
background music for public buildings.

FM STEREO BROADCASTING
FM FREQUENCY
ALLOCATIONS
 Broadcast Transmission
Services
1. Studio-to Transmitter Link
(STL)
Stations in this service are to
be used as relay of aural
programming materials
from studio to transmitter
and between fixed facilities
in other locations.
FM STEREO BROADCASTING
2. Remote pick-up
Broadcast Stations
Stations in this service are to
be used for the transmission of
aural programming materials
and associated cues and data.
3. Communications,
Coordination and Control
Link
1. Standard emission for FM
broadcast 3. FM broadcast guard band
a. A3E a. +/- 10 kHz
b. C3F b. +/- 15 kHz
c. F3E c. +/- 25 kHz
d. B8E d. +/- 30 kHz

2. Frequency deviation of 4. FM broadcast pilot subcarrier

standard FM broadcast a. 8 kHz
a. 25 kHz b. 19 kHz
b. 50 kHz c. 38 kHz
c. 75 kHz d. 41 kHz
d. 100 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. FM broadcast frequency tolerance
a. 1 kHz
b. 2 kHz
c. 5 kHz
d. 10 kHz

6. FM broadcast time constant for Pre-

emphasis
a. 55 usec
b. 75 usec
c. 68 usec
d. 81 usec

REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. The class of FM station, which has an authorized radiated power not
exceeding 125 kw.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D

8. An FM broadcast station, which has an authorized transmitter power

not exceeding 10 kw and ERP not exceeding 30 kw.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D

REVIEW QUESTIONS
9. A class of FM station which is limited in antenna height of 500 ft
above average terrain.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D

10. The class of FM station used for educational purposes

a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D

REVIEW QUESTIONS
11. The class of FM station used for non-commercial and
community service purposes.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D

12. The first channel in the FM broadcast band has a center

frequency of
a. 88 MHz
b. 88.1 MHz
c. 88.3 MHz
d. 108 MHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
13. Maximum ERP allowed for Class A FM station
a. 250 kw
b. 200 kw
c. 150 kw
d. 125 kw

14. Standard FM bandwidth

a. 200 kHz
b. 500 kHz
c. 800 kHz
d. 850 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
15. What is the deviation ratio for commercial FM?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 5
d. 10

16. What is the radio transmission of two separate signals, left

and right, used to create a multidimensional effect on the
receiver?
a. SCA
b. Stereo system
c. Pilot transmission
d. Monophonic transmission

REVIEW QUESTIONS
17. The frequency spectrum of the stereophonic signal
a. 67 kHz
b. 59.5 to 74.5 kHz
c. 19 to 38 kHz
d. 30 to 53 kHz

18. FM broadcast receivers in the 88 – 108 MHz have an IF nominally at

a. 455 kHz
b. 10.7 MHz
c. 15 MHz
d. 500 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
19. How many commercial FM broadcast channels can fit into
the bandwidth occupied by a commercial IV station?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40

20. The carrier frequency tolerance for FM broadcasting

e. +/- 25 kHz
f. +/- 2 kHz
g. +/- 20 kHz
h. +/- 30 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
21. Where is de-emphasis added in a stereo FM system?
a. before the matrix at the Tx
b. before the matrix at the Rx
c. after the matrix at the Tx
d. after the matrix at the Rx

22. Where is pre-emphasis added in a stereo FM system?

a. before the matrix at the Tx
b. before the matrix at the Rx
c. after the matrix at the Rx
d. after the matrix at the Tx

REVIEW QUESTIONS
23. An additional channel of multiplex information that is authorized
by the FCC for stereo FM radio stations to feed services such as
commercial free programming to selected customers.
a. STL
b. SCA
c. EBS
d. EIA

24. The normal frequency for an SCA subcarrier is ______ KHz.

e. 67
f. 76
g. 38
h. 19

REVIEW QUESTIONS
25. A monoaural FM receiver receives only the ____ signal
of a stereo multiplex transmission
a. L + R
b. L – R
c. Both a and b
d. 67 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
TV BROADCASTING
 TELEVISION
“to see at a distance”

TELEVISION BROADCASTING

The science of transmitting rapidly

changing pictures from one point to
another by means of electrical
signals.

DEFINITIONS
1. STUDIO OR OUTSIDE 2. PICTURE AND SOUND
THE STATION TRANSMITTER

COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE TV
BROADCASTING SYSTEM
3. MEDIUM (COAXIAL CABLE / FIBER
OPTIC CABLE

4. A NUMBER OF RECEIVERS

COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE TV
BROADCASTING SYSTEM
 STL – STUDIO TO SNG – SATELLITE
TRANSMITTER LINK NEWS GATHERING

ENG – ELECTRONIC NEWS

GATHERING

ACRONYMS
 SEG – SPECIAL EFP – ELECTRONIC
EFFECTS GENERATOR FIELD PRODUCTION

ACRONYMS
TV TRANSMITTER
TV RECEIVER
 DIPLEXER MONOCHROME
A special coupling device that Shades of black, gray and white
permits the transmission of both
audio and video signals using one COLOR
antenna system. Red, green and blue

VSB – VESTIGIAL TV BROADCAST

SIDEBAND
To conserve electromagnetic
spectrum, it produces only
the full USB and only a
portion of the LSB
CHANNEL
The band of frequencies assigned for
the transmission of the picture and
sound signals.

DEFINITIONS
 7 174 - 180
1 44 - 50
8 180 - 186
2 54 - 60 CHANNEL
9 186 - 192 NUMBER
3 60 - 66
10 192 - 198
4 66 - 72 FREQUENCY
11 198 - 204 RANGE (MHz)
5 76 - 82
12 204 - 210
6 82 - 88
13 210 - 216

TV BROADCASTING
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
UPPER VHF – CHANNELS 7 - 13

FLOWER = 6N + 132

UHF – CHANNELS 14 - 83

470 – 890 MHz

FLOWER = 6N + 386

ANALOG COLOR TV SYSTEMS IN

THE WORLD (ASPECT RATIO, 4:3)
 PARAMETERS RP STANDARD

Broadcasting Band 54 – 890 MHz

Ch 2 to 4 (54 – 72 MHz) VHF Low
Ch 5 to 6 (76 – 88 MHz)
Ch 7 to 13 (174 – 216 MHz) VHF High
Ch 14 to 83 (470 – 890 MHz) UHF
Channel width 6 MHz
Baseband Freq Video: 0 – 4 MHz Audio: 50 Hz – 15 kHz

TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS
 PARAMETERS RP STANDARD

Max no. of stations 25 stations

IF - Rx Picture IF: 45.75 MHz
Sound IF: 41.25 MHz
Fc Tolerance Picture Carrier: +/- 1000 Hz
Color Carrier: +/- 10 Hz
Sound Carrier: +/- 1000 Hz
Polarization Circular

TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS
 PARAMETERS RP STANDARD

Type of Emission Video: C3F

Audio: F3E (mono)
Multi-channel TV Sound (stereo)
Modulation Audio : FM
Video: AM / Vestigial Sideband
Receiver Superheterodyne
Type of Propagation Space wave

TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS
 PARAMETERS American , NTSC European, PAL

No. of lines/frame 525 625

No. of lines/field 262 ½ (odd/even) 312 ½ (odd/even)

No. of frames/sec 30 25

Field frequency 60 (59.94) Hz 50 Hz

Line frequency 15,750 (15,735.36) Hz 15,625 Hz

Channel width 6 MHz 7 MHz

Video bandwidth 4 MHz 5 MHz

STANDARDS FOR ANALOG TV

SYSTEM
 PARAMETERS American, NTSC European, PAL

Color Subcarrier 3.58 MHz 4.43 MHz

Sound System FM FM
Max Sound Deviation + / - 25 kHz + /- 50 kHz

Intercarrier 4.5 MHz 5.5 MHz

Frequency

STANDARDS FOR ANALOG TV

SYSTEM
THE 6 MHZ BANDWIDTH – COLOR
TV SPECTRUM
 SCANNING
INTERLACED SCANNING
The process of analyzing PATTERN
successively according to a
pre-determined method, Odd fields first then even
the light values of picture fields; from left to right;
elements constituting the then from top to bottom
total picture area

HORIZONTAL SCANNING FREQUENCY : 15,750 Hz

VERTICAL SCANNING FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

SCANNING
SCANNING
 PROGRESSIVE SCANNING PATTERN

Progressive scan differs from interlaced scan in that the image is

displayed on a screen by scanning each line (or row of pixels) in a
sequential order rather than an alternate order, as is done with
interlaced scan.

SCANNING
 SYNCHRONIZATION

Keeps the transmitter and receiver scanning in

step with each other

Rectangular pulses
Occur during blanking time when no picture
information is sent (blacker than black region)

HORIZONTAL SYNC FREQUENCY : 15,750 Hz

VERTICAL SYNC FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

SYNCHRONIZATION
 EQUALIZATION

Serves to maintain continuous flow of sync

information to the horizontal scanning system.

Occur before and after each V sync pulse

EQUALIZING PULSE FREQUENCY : 31,500 Hz

EQUALIZATION
 BLANKING

Prevents the electron beam from

reaching the screen, thus retraces
(flyback) are made invisible.

HORIZONTAL BLANKING FREQUENCY : 15,750 Hz

VERTICAL BLANKING FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

BLANKING
NEGATIVE TRANSMISSION

As the signal increases,

the picture becomes COMPONENTS OF A
darker COMPOSITE VIDEO
SIGNAL
Lowest amplitudes are
the whitest color Picture (video)

Blanking pulses

Sync (H and V)

DEFINITIONS
COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL
 a. BRIGHTNESS
Overall or average intensity of illumination which
determines the background level in the
reproduced picture

b. CONTRAST
Difference in intensity between black and white
parts of the reproduced picture

PICTURE QUALITIES
 c. DETAIL
Depends on the number of picture
elements that can be produced within
the frame.
Also known as Resolution or
Definition
d. COLOR LEVEL
The color should vary the picture
from no color to pale and medium
colors up to vivid intense color.
PICTURE QUALITIES
e. HUE
The color of the object
f. ASPECT RATIO
The ratio of the width to the
height of the picture frame.
Standard: 4:3
g. VIEWING DISTANCE
4 to 8 times the picture height
SPECIAL FACILITIES IN CAMERA
ASSEMBLY
 1. INTERCOMMUNICATION

2. MULTIPLE LENS TURRET 5. IRIS CONTROL

Collection of different lenses Level of illumination

3. TALLY LIGHTS 6. MECHANICAL FOCUS

Mounted on camera housing ; Cw / ccw or lock to a scene
“on air”

4. PAN / TILT CONTROLS 7. VIEWFINDER

Up/down; left/right; zoon in/out To find a sample of the material

SPECIAL FACILITIES IN CAMERA

ASSEMBLY
 1. PHOTOEMISSION 2. PHOTOCONDUCTION
Liberation of electrons Changes of conductivity of a
from a material under the surface due to illumination
influence of illumination

3. PHOTOVOLTAIC ACTION
Generation of voltage due to
chemical or physical changes
induced by illumination

METHODS OF PRODUCING AN IMAGE

WITHIN THE TUBE
 2. SPECTRAL RESPONSE
1. LIGHT TRANSFER Same as the eye; colors are
CAPABILITY rendered in their proper tones
Ratio of brightness variations
in the reproduced image to
the brightness variations in
the original scene 3. SENSITIVITY
Unit: Lumen; output photosignal
per incident illumination

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMERA TUBES

 4. DARK CURRENT

Small amount of signal

current flowing in the 5. LAG CHARACTERISTIC
output circuit even in the
absence of illumination on Inability of the photosensitive
the faceplate of the tube. layer in the pick up tube to
follow faster changes in
illumination.
6. RESOLVING POWER

Resolution power

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMERA TUBES

 In a camera tube pickup device, the front of the tube
contains a layer of photosensitive material called a target.

The lens of a camera

focuses light from a
scene onto the front of
the camera tube, and
this light causes
changes in the target
material.

The light image is transformed into an electronic image,

which can then be read from the back of the target by a
beam of electrons.

HOW CAMERA TUBES WORK

 The beam of electrons is produced by an electron gun at
the back of the camera tube.

Whenever the electron beam hits the bright parts of

the electronic image on the target material, the tube
emits a high voltage, and when the beam hits a dark
part of the image, the tube emits a low voltage.

The beam is controlled by a system of

electromagnets that make the beam
systematically scan the target material.

This varying voltage is the electronic television signal.

HOW CAMERA TUBES WORK

 1. NIPKOW DISK

A photoelectric tube is used

with a rotating wheel
punched with small holes
spiraling in toward the
center to scan the picture
elements.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

2. IMAGE DISSECTOR
/ ICONOSCOPE
The first all electric pick up
device.

3. IMAGE ORTHICON
Indicates the linear relation
between light input and
signal output; highly
sensitive but relatively large
and expensive.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

 4. FLYING SPOT SCANNER
The spot of light from the screen of
the CRT is used as the light source to
scan a film slide

5. VIDICON
Most widely used; a very small
camera tube of relatively simple
construction, a photoconductive
target plate and an electron gun.
Image plate is made up of Antimony
Trisulfide

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

6. PLUMBICON (PHILIPS)
Similar to the Vidicon except that the
image plate is made of Lead Oxide (PbO)

7. SATICON (HITACHI, LTD)

The image plate is made of Selenium,
Arsenic and Tellurium.

8. SILICON VIDICON
A Silicon semiconductor junction is used for the target material;
extremely high sensitivity for low light applications.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

9. CHALNICON (TOSHIBA)

The target is a multilayer

arrangement consisting of Tin Oxide,
Cadnium Selenide and Arsenic
Trisulfide; very high sensitivity.

10. NEWVICON (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC)

The target is made of Amorphous

Zinc Selendie layer backed by
Antimony Trisulfide.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

 A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a light-sensitive
integrated circuit that stores and displays the data for an
image in such a way that each pixel (picture element) in the
image is converted into an electrical charge the intensity of
which is related to a color in the color spectrum

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

 In a CCD, the light from a scene strikes an
array of photodiodes arranged on a
silicon chip.

Photodiodes are devices that

conduct electricity when they are
struck by light; they send this
electricity to tiny capacitors.

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

 The capacitors store the electrical
charge, with the amount of charge
stored depending on the strength of
the light that struck the photodiode.

The CCD converts the incoming light

from the scene into an electrical
signal by releasing the charges from
the photodiodes in an order that
follows the scanning pattern that the
receiver will follow in re-creating the
image.

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

CRITERIA FOR COMPATIBILITY

1. The color TV system must transmit and be

capable of receiving a luminance signal which is
either identical to a monochrome transmission or
easily converted to it.

2. Must use the same 6 MHz bandwidth

3. Must transmit the Chrominance information in

such a way that it is sufficient for adequate color
reproduction but easy to ignore by a monochrome
receiver.

COLOR TV SYSTEM
COLOR TV SYSTEM
 1. LUMINANCE
Indicates the amount of light 2. CHROMINANCE
intensity, which is perceived by
the eye as brightness.
Term used to combine both
Contains all information hue (amplitude of C signal)
required to construct a black and and saturation (phase angle)
white picture from the signal
Is the 3.58 MHz color
Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B subcarrier with quadrature
Where: R – Red video signal modulation by I and Q color
signals
G – Green video signal
B – Blue video signal

PRIMARY COLOR SIGNALS

 a. IN-PHASE CHROMINANCE
Color video signal transmitted as amplitude
modulation of the 3.58 MHz C signal
The only color video signal with bandwidth of 0 to
1.3 MHz
The positive polarity of the I signal is orange while
the negative polarity is cyan

I = 0.60R – 0.28G – 0.32B

CHROMINANCE SIGNALS
b. QUADRATURE PHASE CHROMINANCE

Color video signal that modulates the 3.58 MHz C

signal in quadrature with the I signal

with bandwidth of 0 to 0.5 MHz

The positive polarity of the Q signal is purple

while the negative polarity is yellow green

Q = 0.21R – 0.52G + 0.31B

CHROMINANCE SIGNALS
 NTSC PAL SECAM

National Phase Sequential

Television Alteration Color and
Standards by Line Memory
Committee (British, (French)
(American) German)

ANALOG COLOR TV SYSTEMS IN

THE WORLD (ASPECT RATIO, 4:3)
 SIMILARITY
They separate the luminance and chrominance information and transmit the
chrominance information in the form of 2 color difference signals which
modulate a color subcarrier frequency transmitted within the sideband of the
luminance signal.

DIFFERENCE
The processing of the chrominance information
NTSC – subcarrier frequency is amplitude modulated
PAL – subcarrier frequency is phase modulated
SECAM – subcarrier frequency is frequency modulated

COLOR TRANSMISSION STANDARDS

 BLUE + RED = MAGENTA

GREEN + RED = YELLOW

GREEN + BLUE = CYAN

GREEN + BLUE + RED = WHITE

COLOR COMBINATIONS
1. TRANSLATORS

Retransmit the signals of TV

broadcast station by
frequency conversion and
amplification without
significantly altering any
characteristic except the
amplitude and frequency.

OTHER TV SERVICES
2. CATV – CABLE TELEVISION

A communications system that gathers local ,

remote, playbacks and satellite signals and sent by
coaxial cables to the subscribers.

OTHER TV SERVICES
 A. HEADEND
The main hub of the CATV system where the signals from all sources
originate, then processed, amplified and distributed to the subscribers.

B. OUTSIDE PLANT
Part of the CATV system that provides the distribution of the TV
signals from the head end to the paying subscribers.

C. SUBSCRIBER PREMISE EQUIPMENT

The end of the line of the CATV system, where the cable signals were
delivered from its origin to the subscriber.

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM
PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM
3. MATV – MASTER ANTENNA TELEVISION

The means by which many apartments, houses,

hotels, schools and other multi-unit buildings
distribute TV and FM signals to a number of
receivers.

DIVISIONS

1. Head end

2. Distribution System

OTHER TV SERVICES
A. HEADEND

Normally consists of an antenna installation to receive the desired

signals, processing equipment to filter the signals and remove
interference, and a distribution amplifier to amplify the signals to the
level required to provide an adequate signal to every receiver in the
system.

B. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Provides a clean signal to the sets by isolating each receiver from the
system and by delivering the proper amount of signal to each set

PARTS OF THE MATV SYSTEM

4. CCTV – CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

A TV system that operates on a

closed loop basis; CCTV images are
only available to those connected to
the closed loop.

Applications: educational, business,

industry, medicine, traffic control,
surveillance

Components: Camera and lens,

Coaxial cables, Monitors, Video
Cassette/Tape Recorders

OTHER TV SERVICES
 This process produces much clearer
A device that receives,
picture and sound quality than
decodes, and displays digital
analog systems, similar to the
video broadcasts (in both
difference between a compact disc
high-definition and standard-
recording (using digital technology)
definition formats) for
and an audiotape or long-playing
consumer viewing.
record.

Digital television uses It also permits additional

technology that records, features to be embedded in
transmits, and decodes a signal signals including program
in digital form—that is, as a and consumer information
series of ones and zeros. as well as interactivities.

DIGITAL TELEVISION
 There are three types of broadcast digital television
(DTV), each with progressively better picture and sound
quality:

Digital technology is
being developed that
Standard-Definition TV (SDTV) will offer sharper
pictures on wider
Enhanced-Definition TV (EDTV) screens, and HDTV
with cinema-quality
High-Definition TV (HDTV) images.

TYPES OF DIGITAL TELEVISION

 480i
480 lines by 720 pixels wide,
displayed in interlaced format.
It has a 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratio,
29.97-Hz frame rate, as defined by
the ATSC standard.

Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)

Committee established by the FCC to define new standards for
publicly regulated broadcast television in the United States

STANDARD DEFINITION TELEVISION

 480p

High-definition television (HDTV)

image that is 480 vertical lines by
720 horizontal pixels displayed in
progressive format

It has a 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratio,

59.94 Hz, 29.97 Hz, and 23.98 Hz
frame rates, as defined by the
ATSC standard

ENHANCED DEFINITION TELEVISION

High-definition video formats that have 16:9 aspect ratio.
Generally refers to 1080i or 720p images.

1080i 720p
1,080 vertical lines 720 vertical lines by
by 1,920 horizontal 1,280 horizontal pixels
pixels wide, wide, displayed in
displayed in an progressive format.
interlaced format.
It has a 16:9 aspect
It has a 16:9 aspect ratio, 59.94 Hz, 29.97
ratio, 29.97 Hz frame Hz, and 23.98 Hz
rate, frame rates,

HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION

There are four different widely used digital television
terrestrial broadcasting standards:

Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC)

Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T)

Terrestrial Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB–T)

Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB)

DIGITAL TELEVISION STANDARDS

 Uses 8-level Vestigial Sideband
(8VSB) for terrestrial broadcasting

This standard has been adopted by six countries, United States,

Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and
Honduras

ATSC
Uses coded Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
modulation and supports
hierarchical transmission.

This standard has been adopted in

Europe, Australia and New
Zealand.

DVB - T
 A system designed to provide
good reception to fix receivers and
also portable or mobile receivers. It
utilizes OFDM and 2-dimensional
interleaving.
This standard has been adopted in
Japan, Philippines, South America
and Portuguese-speaking African
countries.

ISDB - T
Adopts time-domain synchronous
(TDS) OFDM Technology with a
pseudo-random frame to serve as
the guard interval (GI) of the
OFDM block and training symbol.
This standard has been adopted in
the People’s Republic of China,
including Hong Kong and Macau.

DTMB
 Many flat panel TVs use liquid-crystal
display (LCD) screens that make use of a
special substance that changes
properties when a small electric current
is applied to it.
LCD technology has already been used
extensively in laptop computers.
LCD television screens are flat, use very
little electricity, and work well for small,
portable television sets.

FLAT PANEL TELEVISION

 Flat panel TVs made from gas-plasma
displays can be much larger.
In gas-plasma displays, a small
electric current stimulates an inert gas
sandwiched between glass panels,
including one coated with phosphors
that emit light in various colors.
While just 8 cm (3 in) thick, plasma
screens can be more than 150 cm (60
in) diagonally.

FLAT PANEL TELEVISION

 LED TV or LED-backlit LCD display
is a flat panel display which uses
LED backlighting instead of the cold
cathode fluorescent (CCFL)
backlighting used by most other
LCDs.

FLAT PANEL TELEVISION

Video signals are recorded on

Magnetic Tapes Plastic discs

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 VTR – Video Tape Recorder
is a tape recorder designed to
record video material, usually
on magnetic tape. VTRs
originated as individual tape
reels, serving as a
replacement for motion
picture film stock and
making recording for
television applications
cheaper and quicker.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

VCR – Video Cassette Recorder

an electromechanical device
that records analog audio
and analog video from
broadcast television or other
source on a removable,
magnetic tape videocassette,
and can play back the
recording.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 VCR SYSTEMS

Betamax by Sony Video Home System

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

PROBLEMS IN VIDEO SOLUTIONS
RECORDING

The video signal is a wideband Use Frequency Modulation

signal

How can such high frequencies Rotate the heads in a Video

in the MHz range be used for Cassette Recorder
recording

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 PROBLEMS IN VIDEO
RECORDING
The playing time should be long
so that programs can be
recorded in multiples of 1 hour
without much tape being
required
Humidity
VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS
SOLUTIONS
Use Helical Scanning or
Slant Track Recording
wherein the tape is made to
cross the head gad at an
angle instead of parallel to
it.
Automatic Shut-off
HELICAL SCANNING OR SLANT TRACK
RECORDING

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 HELICAL SCANNING

The helical scan method

uses a rotating head and
diagonal tracks, which
allows a slow-traveling
tape to provide a very fast
transfer rate. The tape is
pulled out of the cartridge
and wrapped around the
read/write head.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 HELICAL SCANNING

Notice the slant on this

helical scan head from a
VHS video recorder. This
precise angle of the head
is used to record and play
back all helical scan
formats.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 TAPE RECORDING AND PLAYBACK

The recording head is an

electromagnet which has a
core of high permeability
on which is wound a coil
for the signal current

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

TAPE RECORDING AND PLAYBACK

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 TAPE RECORDING AND PLAYBACK

To record, the signal current

is fed into the coil to the
magnetic tape

On playback, the moving

tape induces an weak signal
on the coil

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 TAPE RECORDING AND PLAYBACK

Headcore – made with a

ferrite material that has a
very high magnetic
permeability

1/8 x 1/16 in or
3.2 x 1.6 mm

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 TAPE RECORDING AND PLAYBACK

Gap – very thin layer of

Silicon Dioxide (glass)
with high magnetic
reluctance (low
permeability)

Typical width:
0.3 – 0.6 um

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 TAPE RECORDING AND PLAYBACK

Tape – acetate ribbon coated with

fine particles of magnetic material
such as Cobalt-doped Ferric
Oxide or Chromium Chloride

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 MAGNETIC INDUCTION

The tape is magnetized

with signal information

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 RECORDED WAVELENGTH

Is the distance in the long dimension

of the tape occupied by one complete
magnetization cycle.

λ = s/f

s = speed of tape
f = frequency of the signal

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 RECORDED WAVELENGTH

The smallest value of λ is important because it limits the

HF response

Wavelengths shorter that the width of the gap cannot be

played back

Shortest λ ≥ 2 x gap width

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 PLAYBACK FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Slope = 6dB/octave

fn = null frequency

null frequency – frequency at

which the recorded wavelength
is equal to the gap width

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 PLAYBACK FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Highest Signal Frequency

f highest = S/λ

S – writing speed
λ - recorded wavelength

Note: The peak of the playback curve occurs at 0.5fn

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 LASER DISC

a home video format and the first

commercial optical disc storage
medium initially licensed, sold,
and marketed as MCA
DiscoVision (also known as
simply "DiscoVision") in North
America in 1978.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 LASER DISC

LaserDisc never managed to gain

widespread use in North
America, largely owing to high
costs for the players and the
video titles themselves.[1] It also
remained a largely obscure
format in Europe and Australia.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 LASER DISC

However, it was much more

popular in Japan and in the more
affluent regions of South East
Asia, such as Hong Kong,
Malaysia and Singapore, being
the prevalent rental video
medium in Hong Kong during
the 1990s.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 LASER DISC

The technologies and concepts

behind LaserDisc are the
foundation for later optical disc
formats, including Compact Disc,
DVD, and Blu-ray Disc.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 COMPACT DISC

a digital optical disc data storage

format. The format was
originally developed to store and
play back sound recordings only
(CD-DA), but was later adapted
for storage of data (CD-ROM).

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 COMPACT DISC

Several other formats were further derived from these,

including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R),
rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc
(VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD,
PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs
and audio CD players have been commercially
available since October 1982.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 COMPACT DISC

Standard CDs have a diameter

of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and
can hold up to about 80
minutes of uncompressed
audio or 700 MiB (actually
about 703 MiB or 737 MB) of
data.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 COMPACT DISC

The Mini CD has various

diameters ranging from 60 to 80
millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they
are sometimes used for CD
singles, storing up to 24 minutes
of audio or delivering device
drivers.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 COMPACT DISC

Media type Optical disc

Encoding Various
Capacity Typically up to 700 MiB (up to 80 minutes audio)
Read mechanism 780 nm wavelength (infrared and red
edge) semiconductor laser, 1200 Kib/s (1×) Write
mechanism 1200 Kib/s (1×)
Developed by Philips, Sony
Usage Audio and data storage

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 VIDEO COMPACT DISC

Before the advent of DVD and

Blu-ray, the Video CD
(abbreviated as VCD, and also
known as View CD, Compact
Disc digital video) became the
first format for distributing
films on standard 120 mm
(4.7 in) optical discs.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 VIDEO COMPACT DISC

The format is a standard digital

format for storing video on a
compact disc. VCDs are
playable in dedicated VCD
players, most DVD and Blu-ray
Disc players, personal
computers, and some video
game consoles.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 VIDEO COMPACT DISC

Media type: Optical disc

Encoding: MPEG-1 video + audio
Capacity: Up to 800 MB
Read mechanism: 780 nm wavelength semiconductor laser
Standard: White Book
Developed by: Philips, Sony, Panasonic, JVC Usage audio
and video storage
Extended to: SVCD

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 COMPACT DISC STANDARDS
STANDARD CD TYPE

Red Book Audio CD

Yellow Book CD ROM

Green Book CD-I

Orange Book CD-R Multisession

White Book VCD

Blue Book Mixed Mode - CD

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 DIGITAL VIDEO DISC

DVD (sometimes explained as

"digital video disc" or "digital
versatile disc"[5][6]) is a digital
optical disc storage format,
invented and developed by
Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and
Panasonic in 1995.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 DIGITAL VIDEO DISC

DVDs can be played in many

types of players, including DVD
players. DVDs offer higher
storage capacity than compact
discs while having the same
dimensions.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 DIGITAL VIDEO DISC

Media type: Optical disc

Capacities:
4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer – common)
8.5–8.7 GB (single-sided, double-layer)
9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)
17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer – rare)

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 DIGITAL VIDEO DISC

Read mechanism: 650 nm laser, 10.5 Mbit/s (1×)

Write mechanism: 10.5 Mbit/s (1×) Standard

DVD Forum's DVD Books[1][2][3] and DVD+RW

Alliance specifications

Developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba and

Panasonic Weight 16 g[4]

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 BLU RAY DISC

a digital optical disc data

storage format designed to
supersede the DVD format, in
that it is capable of storing high-
definition video resolution
(1080p).

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 BLU RAY DISC

The plastic disc is 120 mm in

diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the
same size as DVDs and CDs.[4]
Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-
ray Discs contain 25 GB per
layer, with dual layer discs
(50 GB) being the industry
standard for feature-length
video discs.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 BLU RAY DISC

Triple layer discs (100 GB) and

quadruple layers (128 GB) are
available for BD-XL re-writer
drives.[5] The name Blu-ray Disc
refers to the blue laser used to
read the disc, which allows
information to be stored at a
greater density than is possible
with the longer-wavelength red
laser used for DVDs.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 BLU RAY DISC

Media type: High-density optical disc

Encoding: H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
VC-1
Capacities: 25 GB (single-layer)
50 GB (dual-layer)
100/128 GB (BDXL)
Block size: 64 KB ECC[1]

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 BLU RAY DISC

Read mechanism 405 nm diode laser

Developed by Blu-ray Disc Association[2]

Dimensions:
120 mm (4.7 in) diameter
1.2 mm thickness[3]

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 BLU RAY DISC

Usage:
Data storage
High-definition video (1080p)
High-definition audio
Stereoscopic 3D
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Xbox One games

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS
 DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER

A digital video recorder (DVR), sometimes referred to

by the merchandising term personal video recorder
(PVR), is a consumer electronics device or application
software that records video in a digital format to a
disk drive, USB flash drive, SD memory card, SSD or
other local or networked mass storage device.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

 DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER

The term includes set-top boxes (STB) with direct to

disk recording facility, portable media players (PMP)
with recording, recorders (PMR) as camcorders that
record onto Secure Digital memory cards and
software for personal computers which enables video
capture and playback to and from a hard disk drive.

VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEMS

1. TV channels 7, 9, 11 and 13 3. The number of scanning
are known as lines is _____ per frame
a. mid band UHF a. 262.5
b. low band UHF b. 30
c. high band VHF c. 525
d. low band VHF d. 60

2. Picture frames are repeated 4. The number of fields is

at the rate of ____ per second ______ per frame.
a. 30 a. 30
b. 60 b. 60
c. 525 c. 525
d. 2 d. 2

REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. The number of scanning 7. The horizontal line scanning
lines is _____ per field. frequency is ______ Hz.
a. 262.5 a. 15750
b. 30 b. 60
c. 525 c. 30
d. 2 d. 525

6. The number of scanning 8. The vertical field scanning

lines is _____ per second. frequency is ______ Hz.
a. 15750 a. 15750
b. 60 b. 60
c. 30 c. 30
d. 525 d. 525

REVIEW QUESTIONS
9. Video signal amplitude determines 11. Video signal is converted
the picture quality called to light by the ______ tube.
a. contrast a. picture
b. brightness b. camera
c. resolution c. cathode ray
d. color saturation d. Scanning

10. Light is converted to video signal 12. The bandwidth of a TV

by the _____ tube. channel is _____ MHz.
a. picture a. 6
b. camera b. 4.5
c. cathode ray c. 2.5
d. scanning d. 12

REVIEW QUESTIONS
13. How many international commercial AM
15. The type of modulation
broadcast channels can fit into the
on the sound carrier signal
bandwidth occupied by a commercial TV
is
station?
a. AM
a. 100
b. FM
b. 200
c. PM
c. 125
d. PCM
d. 600
16. The assigned band for
14. The type of modulation on the picture
channel 3 is _____ MHz.
carrier signal is
a. 54 – 60
a. AM
b. 60 – 66
b. FM
c. 66 – 72
c. PM
d. 76 – 82
d. PCM

REVIEW QUESTIONS
17. The difference between the picture 19. Retraces are not visible
and the sound carrier frequencies for because of _____ pulses.
channel 7 is ______ MHz. a. scanning
a. 6 b. blanking
b. 4.5 c. sync
c. 2.5 d. Equalizing
d. 3.58
20. Black on the picture tube
18. Scanning in the receiver is timed screen results from _____
correctly by _____ pulses. beam current.
a. scanning a. 0
b. blanking b. 1
c. sync c. 100
d. equalizing d. Maximum

REVIEW QUESTIONS
21. The color subcarrier frequency 23. The amount of color saturation
is approximately ____ MHz. in the picture depends on the
a. 6 amount of _____ signal.
b. 4.5 a. chrominance
c. 2.5 b. luminance
d. 3.58 c. contrast
d. Hue
22. _____ is the device that
prevents aural RF from entering 24. In TV broadcasting in the
the video transmitter and vice Philippines, the aspect ratio of the
versa. picture frame is
a. diplexer a. 4:3
b. duplexer b. 4:1
c. modulator c. 2:1
d. demodulator d. 3:1

REVIEW QUESTIONS
25. The black and white or
monochrome brightness signal in
TV is called
a. RGB
b. Color subcarrier
c. Luminance
d. Chrominance
26. Color TV is made possible
through the combination of the
primary colors of
a. white, red and green
b. blue, yellow and green
c. red green and blue
d. red white and blue
REVIEW QUESTIONS
27. How many electron beams actually
leave the electron gun of a single gun
color CRT?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1/3
28. Which of the following is not a
requirement for a color TV signal?
a. compatibility with black and white
receivers
b. within 6 MHz bandwidth
c. simulate a wide variety of colors
d. functional with Baron super antenna
29. Radio spectrum is conserved by 31. Which of the following camera
using ______ modulation for the tubes has minimum lag?
video and TV signals. a. Vidicon
a. vestigial b. Plumbicon
b. amplitude c. Saticon
c. phase d. Iconoscope
d. Frequency
32. The camera tube that uses
30. The TV receiver picture IF is 45.75 selenium, arsenic and
MHz and the sound IF is _____ MHz. tellurium.
a. 41.25 a. Plumbicon
b. 45.75 b. Vidicon
c. 54.75 c. Saticon
d. 57.55 d. Silicon Vidicon

REVIEW QUESTIONS
33. In a standard commercial TV
35. The hue 180 degrees out of
broadcast, the picture carrier signal is
phase with red is
located _____ above the lower end
a. cyan
frequency of the channel.
b. yellow
a. 0.75 MHz
c. green
b. 0.25 MHz
d. Magenta
c. 4.2 MHz
d. 1.25 MHz
36. Greater peak to peak
amplitude of the 3.58 MHz
34. Special effects and production
chrominance signal indicates more
switching are done by the
a. white
a. CCU
b. yellow
b. ENG
c. hue
c. SEG
d. saturation
d. Sync Gen

REVIEW QUESTIONS
37. The difference between 39. In television, the color with
sound carrier and color the most luminance is
subcarrier is a. Green
a. 4.5 MHz b. Blue
b. 1.25 MHz c. yellow
c. 0.92 MHz d. Red
d. 0.25 MHz
40. When the colors Magenta
38. Mixing green and blue and Yellow are mixed, the
light in TV systems result to resultant color is
a. cyan a. Red
b. yellow b. White
c. magenta c. Blue
d. white d. green

REVIEW QUESTIONS
41. The three complementary colors are
a. white, yellow, cyan
b. black, white, gray
c. yellow, magenta, cyan
d. violet, indigo, fushcia

42. Which of the following consists of two of the three primary colors in
TV signal?
i. red ii. violet iii. yellow iv. blue
a. i and ii
b. ii and iii
c. iii and iv
d. i and iv

REVIEW QUESTIONS
43. Suppose the signal from a color camera has R = 0.8, G = 0.4
and B = 0.2, where 1 represents the maximum signal
possible. Determine the value at the luminance signal.
a. 0.498
b. 0.254
c. 0.1325
d. 1.4

44. In the previous problem, calculate the chrominance signal.

a. 0.305
b. 0.304
c. 0.498
d. 0.022

REVIEW QUESTIONS
45. Equalizing TV pulses are sent 47. The ____ ensures that the electron
during beam will strike the correct
a. horizontal blanking phosphor dot on the TV screen.
b. vertical blanking a. Coating
c. horizontal retrace b. aperture mask
d. Sync c. Diplexer
d. Duplexer
46. Mechanism or device which
enables the TV camera to move in 48. What is the return of the electron
lateral and tilting motion. beam in a CRT from right to left or
a. panning device from bottom to top?
b. scanner a. Relay
c. tilting b. Flyback
d. pan/tilt device c. Utilization
d. resolution

REVIEW QUESTIONS
49. The form of scanning used in 51. The components of a
TV emissions composite video signal
a. right to left are:
b. Negative a. chroma signal
c. Positive b. blanking pulse
d. Interlaced c. sync pulse
d. all of these
50. What is the process of placing
the chrominance signal in the 52. It is the quality of the
band space between portions TV picture after
of the luminance signal? imperfections.
a. Interlacing a. aspect ratio
b. Fitting b. utilization ratio
c. Sneaking c. A1
d. interleaving d. Monochrome

REVIEW QUESTIONS
53. How far above the video 55. If a TV broadcast station is operating on
carrier is the sound carrier Channel 5 (low edge is 76 MHz), the
in a TV transmission? frequency of the video carrier is
a. 0.25 MHz a. 77.25 MHz
b.4.5 MHz b. 77.5 MHz
c. 10 MHz c. 80.5 MHz
d. 6 MHz d. 82.2 MHz

54. How far above the lower 56. Addition of 0.59 green, 0.3 red and 0.11
limit of a TV channel is the blue signals from a color TV camera
video carrier located? produces the
a. 0.25 MHz a. Q signal
b. 1.25 MHz b. I signal
c. 4.5 MHz c. Y signal
d. 5.75 MHz d. IQ signal

REVIEW QUESTIONS
57. What is the frequency of
RPN 9’s color subcarrier?
a. 187.25 MHz
b. 190.38 MHz
c. 187.52 MHz
d. 190.83 MHz
58. Identify the equation for the
In-phase component of the
Chroma signal
a. 0.21R – 0.52G + 0.31B
b. 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B
c. 0.6R – 0.28G – 0.32B
d. 0.59R + 0.3G + 0.11B
REVIEW QUESTIONS
59. Defined as the smallest area
of a TV image that can be
transmitted within the
parameters of the system.
a. pixel
b. field
c. frame
d. Image
60. Which is a color filter?
a. aquadag
b. dichroic mirror
c. phosphor screen
d. diplexer
61. A widely recognized TV standard
that originated from Germany. 63. A third symbol which
a. NTSC represents television.
b. SECAM a. A
c. PAL b. C
d. MAC c. D
d. F
62. The picture quality derived from
getting the square root of the sum of 64. Which type of
the squares of the I signal magnitude photoconductive tube is used
and Q signal magnitude. by vidicons?
a. resolution a. Antimony Trisulfide
b. hue b. Lead Oxide
c. purity c. Selenium Alloy
d. brightness d. Zinc Selenide

REVIEW QUESTIONS
65. What are the three separate 67. The colors at the vertices of
signals derived from a matrix the color triangle are referred to
in a color TV transmitter? as
a. Y, I and Q a. primary
b. P, D and Q b. white
c. M, N and O c. desaturated
d. R, S and T d. all of these

66. What is the phase difference 68. At what position on the color
between the I and Q color triangle will saturated yellow be
signal carriers? located?
a. 0 degrees a. between red and blue
b. 45 degrees b. between red and green
c. 60 degrees c. between blue and green
d. 90 degrees d. at the center

REVIEW QUESTIONS
69. Is the most common technique where apartment houses, hotels,
schools, condominiums and multi-unit buildings distribute TV
and FM signals to a number of receivers, using a single head-end.
a. CCTV
b. CATV
c. MATV
d. Antenna

70. The source point for service on the CATV network.

a. Hub
b. Head end
c. Trunk Amplifier
d. Line Extender

REVIEW QUESTIONS
71. Which of the following is the first component of any MATV system
to receive broadcast signals?
a. Filter
b. LNA
c. RF amplifier
d. Antenna

72. An emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors

excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass.
a. LCD
b. Plasma Display
c. CRT
d. HDTV

REVIEW QUESTIONS
73. What is the aspect ratio for
HDTV systems?
a. 4/3
b. 9/7
75. HDTV is a digital TV system
c. 19/6
that allows higher resolution,
d. 16/9
what is the resolution if the
HDTV is 720i?
72. A certain HDTV television
a. 1280 x 720 interlaced
has 480 x 640 resolution with
b. 1280 x 720 progressive
progressive scanning, then
c. 720 x 1280 interlaced
the HTV is
d. 720 x 1280 progressive
a. 480i
b. 480p
c. 640i
d. 640p

REVIEW QUESTIONS
 Phil Lomboy po,
64 NA PO TAYO, KAPUSO.