Lecture No. 1 Semiconductor Physics: - at The End of This Lecture, Student Will Be Able To

Lecture No.
1
Semiconductor Physics
• At the end of this lecture, student will be able to :
• Define a semiconductor
• Classify semiconductor, insulator and conductor
• Define intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor
• Explain P-type and N-type semiconductor
• Illustrate conduction in semiconductor
1
Faculty ofofEngineering
Faculty Engineering& Technology
& Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Topics
• Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors comparison

• Semiconductors
• Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor
• P type and N type semiconductor
• Conduction in Semiconductors
2
Introduction
Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors
3
4
Continued..
5
Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors Continued..
6
Periodic Table
Column 3 Column 4 Elements
Elements have 3 have 4 electrons in
electrons in the the Valence Shell
Valence Shell
Column 5
Elements have 5
electrons in the
Valence Shell
Position of semiconductors in Periodic Table 7

Semiconductor
Electron
Energy
r3
r2 r1
r2 14P
r3
r1
Center of core Valence orbit

has four electrons
Energy levels in a single atom Isolated silicon atom
Electrons in the same orbit has same energy

8
Covalent Bond
Electron
14P
An electron
shared by two
neighboring atoms
14P 14P 14P to form a covalent
bond.
This way an atom
14P can have a stable
structure with
eight valence band
electrons.
Silicon Crystal
9
Energy Bands
Electron (in conduction band)
Higher band higher energy
Conduction band
Hole (in valence band)
Valence band
14P
2nd band
1st band
Energy bands in silicon Crystal

silicon ion
In a crystal, electrons in the same orbit do not
have the same energy and thus form energy bands
10
Thermal Energy Produces Free Electron and Hole
Pair
14P Hole (in valence band)
14P 14P 14P
14P
Electron hole pair creation 11

Recombination of Free Electron and Hole
14P Hole (in valence band)
14P 14P 14P
14P
Recombination of Free Electron & Hole

12
Hole / Electron Flow Through a Semiconductor
+ -
Free Electron (in conduction band)
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ 14 14P 14P -
+ P A C D F -
+ -
B E
+ Hole 14P 14P 14P -
+ -
+ (in valence band) -
Hole / Electron Flow
The electron moves F-E-D-C-B-A

The hole moves A-B-C-D-E-F (pseudo movement)
13
Types of Semiconductors
Semiconductors can be classified as:

1. Intrinsic Semiconductor
2. Extrinsic Semiconductor
Extrinsic Semiconductors are further classified as:

a. n-type Semiconductors
b. p-type Semiconductors
14
Intrinsic Semiconductor
Si Si Si
FREE ELECTRON
Si Si Si
HOLE
Si Si Si
n  p  ni
15
Intrinsic Semiconductor Energy Band Diagram
Energy in ev Conduction Band
FERMI
LEVEL
Valence Band
• Fermi level lies in the middle

16
Doping
• Doping means mixing a pure semiconductor with

impurities to
– increase its electrical conductivity
17
Doping Ways
• Doping Can be done in two ways
– By mixing pentavalent elements such as phosphorous, arsenic,

antimony
– By mixing Trivalent elements such as aluminum, boron, gallium
18
Extrinsic Semiconductor
Extrinsic Semiconductors
19
Extrinsic Semiconductor Energy Band Diagram
20
n-type semiconductor
Has many free electrons in conduction band and few holes
In valence band
Free Electron
Phosphorous atom
14P
14P 15P 14P
14P
n-type semiconductor
21
n-type Semiconductor
22
p-type Semiconductor
Has few free electrons in conduction band and many holes
In valence band
Hole
Aluminum atom
14P
14P 13P 14P
14P
p-type semiconductor
23
p-type Semiconductor
24
Comparison of Semiconductors
Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor
25
Comparison Between n-type and p-type
Semiconductors
n-type p-type
26
Comparison Between n-type and p-type
Semiconductors continued..
27
Summary
• Silicon and Germanium are the most commonly used

semiconductors.
• Semiconductor in the extreme pure form is known as intrinsic
semiconductors.
• In intrinsic semiconductors Fermi level lies in middle of band gap
• Doping with pentavalent impurity will result in n-type and with
trivalent impurity will result in p- type.
• P-type and n-type semiconductors are electrically neutral.
• Fermi level lies near conduction band in n-type and it lies near
valance band in p-type
• Conduction in semiconductors is through Drift and Diffusion
28

Lecture No. 1 Semiconductor Physics: - at The End of This Lecture, Student Will Be Able To

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Lecture No.

• Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors comparison

Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors

Position of semiconductors in Periodic Table 7

Center of core Valence orbit

Electrons in the same orbit has same energy

Energy bands in silicon Crystal

14P Hole (in valence band)

14P 14P 14P

Electron hole pair creation 11

Electron (in conduction band)

14P Hole (in valence band)

14P 14P 14P

Recombination of Free Electron & Hole

The electron moves F-E-D-C-B-A

Semiconductors can be classified as:

Extrinsic Semiconductors are further classified as:

Energy in ev Conduction Band

• Fermi level lies in the middle

• Doping means mixing a pure semiconductor with

• Doping Can be done in two ways

– By mixing pentavalent elements such as phosphorous, arsenic,

– By mixing Trivalent elements such as aluminum, boron, gallium

14P 15P 14P

14P 13P 14P

Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor

• Silicon and Germanium are the most commonly used

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