Hypotheses

• Definition of hypotheses
what is a hypotheses? A hypotheses is a tentative explanation or an answer to a
question about variables, their relationships, and other facts involved in the
research. A research always ends up with a result. However, you free to
hypothesize; meaning, infer, propose, or guess about factual things related to the
research.it is an inferential thinking that makes you guess something based not
only on what ever experience or factual knowledge you have about such thing but
also on conclusions that were logically drawn by other research studies. A
hypotheses has ton be tested through analytical investigation to prove how true or
false it is. (Creswell 2014 Russell 2013)
 Purpose of hypotheses

Some researchers find hypothesis essential because of the following reasons:

1. they guide you on which aspect of the research to focus on.
2. they provide opportunities to prove the relationship between variables.
3. they give the right direction of the research.
4. they outline your thoughts on your manner of summarizing the results and of explaining
the conclusions.
5. they push for an empirical study to prove the existence of relationship of variables and
and the effects of independent variable on the dependent variables.
 Hypotheses us. Research Questions
In an experimental research that takes place in a scientific method, one of your
initial acts is formulating these two: research questions and hypotheses. Both are
related to your research but they are not exactly the same. Their difference lies in
the amount of stock knowledge you have about the focus of your study. If you
know much about the variables or have lots of knowledge about other factual
data involved in the research through your review of related literature, you can
formulate hypotheses. Otherwise, form research questions, At any rate, the
purpose of these two forms of inferential thinking is to propose possible or
probable answers or solutions to the research problem focused on by the study.
The results of your research or investigation prove whether the hypotheses are
correct, incorrect, or partially correct. ( Schreiber 2012)
Categories of Hypotheses

• There are two categories of hypotheses: null hypotheses and alternative

hypotheses. A null hypothesis symbolized by Ho, which states the absence of
relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is therefore a
statement to disprove the fact that the independent variable (treatment,
intervention, or condition) has an effect on the dependent variables. The
alternative hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis. Symbolized by Hi, the
alternative hypothesis states the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables and the fact that the first affects the second one. (Morgan
2014; Thomas 2013)
 Types of hypotheses
Choosing which type of hypothesis to use depends solely on you, the researcher. It
does not mean, however, that choosing one of the following types of hypotheses
makes you come out with the best hypothesis because no type of hypotheses
superior to any hypothesis ( Badke 2012 Morgan 2014)
1.Theory- driven us. Data- driven hypotheses
A hypothesis that is based on existing theory to explain the relationship of
variables and the effects of one variable on the other variables in theory- driven.
But if it is based on the findings of previous research studies, it is a data- driven
hypothesis.
2. Directional ( one – tailed) us. Non- directional ( two- tailed) hypotheses
Directional hypotheses state the relationship of two variables as well as of the
relationship of these variables. Non- directional hypotheses, on the other hand,
state the relationship of variables but not on the direction of the relationship.
3. Descriptive us. Causal hypotheses
A statement specifying the relationship between two variables due to the
influence of something is a descriptive hypothesis; due to cause- effect
relationship, it is a causal hypothesis. True experimental or quasi-
experimental research such as a correlation study uses causal hypotheses;
non experimental research uses descriptive hypotheses.
 Guidelines in Formulating Hypotheses
The craft in hypotheses formulation requires you think of the following pointers
( Mc Bride 2013; Lapan 2012)
1.Express your hypotheses inn a declarative sentence.
2. support your hypotheses with ideas based on theories, known, facts,
previous studies, or your own experience and wisdom.
3. Establish a logical relationship between the hypotheses and the research
problem.
4.. Have your hypotheses predict the nature of relationship between or among
variables.
5. Ascertain the possibility of having some means of testing, analyzing, and
investigating your hypotheses.
6.Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact, or specific language in stating the hypotheses.