Review Presentation

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

by
BIMBOY C. CUENO, Crmgst, MSCJ
Dean, Foundation University
National Lecturer
Book Author
Guest Instructor (COSCA and NORSU
Campuses)
 Criminology

It is the study regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It

includes within its scope the making of laws, the breaking
of laws, and the reaction towards the breaking of laws
(Sutherland and Cressey). In its broadest meaning, it is the
body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals, and the
efforts of the society in suppressing and preventing them.
 Principal Divisions of Criminology

 Criminal Etiology – division of Criminology which

studies the causes of crimes.
 Sociology of Laws- scientific analysis of the conditions
from which criminal laws are developed.
 Penology/Corrections- division of Criminology which
scientifically analyze the correctional methods,
rehabilitation, and treatment of offenders.
Criminology studies the different factors that enhance the
development of criminal behavior such as:

Criminal Demography- study of the relationship between criminality

and population.
Criminal Epidemiology- study of criminality in relation to spatial
distribution in a community.
Criminal Ecology- study of the relationship between environment and
criminality.
Criminal Anthropology- study of criminality in relation to physical
constitution of men.
 Criminal psychology- study of human behavior in relation
to criminality.
 Criminal Psychiatry- study of mental and behavioral
disorders in relation to criminality.
 Victimology- study of the role of the victim in crime
commission.
 Other Concepts of Criminology

 Criminogenic Processes — explain human

behavior and the experiences which help the nature
of a persons' personality as reaching mechanism.
Factors and experiences in connection thereto
infringe differently upon different personalities
producing conflict which is the aspect of crime.
 Criminal Psychodynamics — study of mental
process of criminals in action
 Dementia Praecox — a collective term of mental
disorder that begins shortly after puberty and leads
to general failure of the mental faculties with the
corresponding physiological impairment. Delusion
— a false belief about self cause by morbidity,
paranoia and dementia praecox.
 Erotomania — a morbid propensity to love or
make love; uncontrollable sexual desire by
members of either sex.
 Episodic criminal — a non criminal person who
commits crime when under emotional stress.

 Logomacy — a statement that we would have no

crime if we have no criminal law and that we can
eliminate crimes by merely abolishing criminal
law.

 Kleptomaniac — an uncontrollable morbid
propensity to steal. He is pathological stealer.
Masochism — a condition of sexual perversion in
which a person derives pleasure from being
dominated or cruelly treated.
 Melancholia — a mental disorder characterized by
excessive brooding and depression of spirits.
Megalomania- a mental disorder in which the
subject thinks himself ad great or exalted.
 Criminalistics - the sum total application of all
science in crime detection.
 Criminalist - a person who is trained in science of
application of instruments and methods to the
detection of crime
 Major Areas of Study in Criminology
1. Criminal Sociology- includes Fundamentals of
Criminology, Juvenile Delinquency, Human Behavior and
Crisis Management, Ethics and community relation, and
criminal Justice system.
2.Criminal Law and Jurisprudence- covers the study of the
Revised Penal Code and its amendments, and other laws
that are penal in nature; criminal procedure, and the law
on evidence.
3. Law Enforcement Administration- embraces police
organization, operational planning, patrol, industrial
security management, intelligence and secret service,
police record and personnel management.
4. Criminalsitics- covers the following areas;

Dactyloscopy- the science of fingerprinting.

Police photography- . It is the application of photography to

certain phases of Police work. It is an art or science which deals
with the study of the principles of photography, the reproduction of
photographic evidence, and its application to police work.

Polygraphy- the science which deals with the study of detecting

deception.

Forensic Ballistics- study of the investigation and identification of

firearms by means of the ammunitions fired from the submitted
suspected firearms.
Questioned document examination- Forensic science discipline
pertaining to documents in dispute in a court of law.

Forensic medicine- application of medical science to elucidate legal

problems.

Forensic Chemistry- application of chemical principles in the solution

of problems that arise in connection with the administration of justice.
5. Crime Detection, Investigation and Prevention- consists of
criminal investigation, arson investigation, drug education and vice
control, traffic management and accident investigation, and police
report writing.

6. Corrections- deals with the institutional and non institutional

correction system of approach.
Criminologist
Is any person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology
who has passed the examination for Criminologists and is
registered as such by the Board.

Republic Act 6506- An Act creating the Board of Examiners for

Criminologists in the Philippines.
 Schools of Thought of Criminology

Classical School
This school lays stress on the crime and not on the person or
criminal offender. In this approach, punishment which is
retributive and punitive, is standardized and proportioned to the
gravity and nature of the offense. It assumes that every
individual is rational, has free will and knows the law.
The general proposition of this school is to make undesirable
acts painful by attaching punishment to them and to make the
amount of pain entirely different so that the prospective criminal
could make his calculation on it and make it just sufficient so
that the pain would exceed the pleasure.
Imposition of punishment must be the same for all individuals
regardless of age, mentality, social status, and their personal
conditions.
The proponents of Classical School were Cesare
Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
Cesare Beccaria- an Italian philosopher and
politician best known for his “Essay on Crimes
and Punishment” treatise. He believed that the
behavior of people with regards to their choice of
action is based on Hedonism humans beings
choose those actions that give pleasure and avoid
those that brings pain.
Hedonism- every human action is motivated by the
pursuit of pleasure (psychological hedonism) or
ought to be motivated by the pursuit of pleasure
(moral hedonism). (Note that moral hedonism
presumes that it is possible not to be motivated by
the pursuit of pleasure, but that it is unwise to do
so.) (https://www.reddit.com).
 Jeremy Bentham- an English jurist, philosopher,
legal and social reformer. Like Beccaria, he was
concerned with achieving the greatest happiness of
the greatest number. He referred to his philosophy
of social control as Utilitarianism.
 Utilitarianism- the good is what produces the
greatest amount of happiness for the greatest
number of people (including oneself), even if it
causes unhappiness to oneself
(https://www.reddit.com).
 Neo-Classical School
It modifies the approach of the Classical School. It
argues that since children and lunatics cannot
calculate pain and pleasure, they should not be
regarded as criminals and as such they should
not be punished.
 Positivist/Italian School

This school views crime as a social phenomenon and

attaches importance to the criminal offenders. The
concept of guilt must be substituted with that of
social behavior and like a sick person, the
criminal should be treated in a correctional
institution. Criminal offenders should be
considered as part of and not apart from society.
It presumes that criminal behavior is caused by
internal and external factors outside of the
individual`s control. It also argues that most
serious crimes were committed by individuals who
were primitive or atavistic that is- who failed to
evolve to a fully human and civilized state.
Auguste Comte- was a French thinker known as the
"father of sociology." He developed
a philosophy he called "Positivism,". He was the
first to apply the scientific method to the social
world, and coined the term sociology to describe
the scientific study of human society. It was his
hope that through such endeavors, an
understanding of human society could be achieved
that would enable humankind to progress to a
higher level, in which the entire human race could
function together as one
(http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/)
The main exponents Positivists school were three
eminent Italian criminologists namely: Cesare
Lombroso, Raffaele Garofalo and Enrico Ferri.
It is for this reason that this school is also called
the Italian School of Criminology.
 Cesare Lombroso
-an Italian criminologist and physician, founder of
the Italian School of Positivist Criminology, often
referred to as the father of criminology. Lombroso
rejected the established classical school, which
held that crime was a characteristic trait of human
nature. Instead, Lombroso's theory
of anthropological criminology essentially stated
that criminality was inherited, and that someone
"born criminal" could be identified by physical
defects, which confirmed a criminal
as savage or atavistic.
 Categories of Criminals according to Lombroso

1. Atavism or Born Criminals- born distinct due to

physical stigmata or anomalies such as long jaw,
flattened nose, bulging eyes, curly hair, etc.

2. Criminaloids- these are those who are not born

with physical stigmata but who are of such mental
make-up that displays anti-social conduct.
3. Insane criminals- these are those who commit
crimes due to abnormalities or psychological
disorders. This type is not a born criminal, they
become criminal as a result of some changes in
their brains which interfere with their ability to
distinguish between right and wrong.
Enrico Ferri- a student of Lombroso and was
known as his best associate. He investigated social
and economic factors and postulated on crime
prevention methods. He stressed out that society
needed protection against criminals which can be
achieved through criminal law and penal policy.
Raffaele Garofalo- An Italian jurist and a student of
Lombroso. Influenced by the Lombroso`s theory
which he found to have many shortcomings, he
traced the roots of criminal behavior not to
physical features but to their psychological
equivalents which he called moral anomalies/moral
inferiorities. According to this theory, natural
crimes are found in all human societies regardless
of the views of lawmakers, and no society can
disregard that.
 Other Proponents of Positivist/Italian School

William Sheldon- was

an American psychologist and numismatist. He
created the field of somatotyping that tried to
correlate body types
with behavior, intelligence and social
hierarchy illustrated by his Ivy League nude
posture photos.
Body Type Physical Attributes Temperament
1. Ectomorph Small body, thin, droopy Cerebrotonic- full of
shoulders complaints, insomniac with
chronic fatigue and sensitive
skin, nervous, self conscious,
introvert
1. Endomorph Round, fat, soft, round body Viscerotonic- relaxed, jolly, lazy,
comfortable, luxurious,
extrovert
1. Mesomorph Muscular, athletic built Somotonic- active, dynamic,
assertive, aggressive, more
prone to criminal activity than
ectomorphs and endomorphs
 Types of Physique (Kretschmer)
 Pyknic Type- round and fat bodies. They tend to
commit fraud and deception.
 Athletic Type- muscular body. Usually commit
crimes of violence.
 Asthenic Type- skinny and slender individual.
Their crimes are petty theft.
 Dysplastic or Mixed Type- unclear predominant
type. Their offenses are against decency and
morality.
Charles Darwin- He is best known for his
contributions to evolution theory. He concluded
that man developed from lower forms of life until
he reached the highest stage of development.
 Cartographic/Geographical School

The proponents of this school were Adolph Quetelet

and Andre Guerry. This schools is primarily
concerned with the distribution of crimes in certain
areas, both geographical and social. It follows the
principle that a particular place or area shall be
known for a particular type of crime depending on
the location or geography of the place and its
social condition.
 Socialist School

This schools is concerned with crime as a by-product

and provided much material regarding the
variations in crime rates in association with
variations in economic conditions. The socialist
theory was based on the writings of Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels.
 Psychiatric School

This school emphasized on emotional disturbance

acquired through social interaction as the main
cause of criminal behavior. This school focused on
personality complex which asserts that crime is
caused by a lack of balance between the
intellectual and emotional capacities of the
individual.
 Chicago School
Arose in the early 20th century, through the work of
Robert Park, Ernest Burgess and other urban
sociologist at the university of Chicago. Park
and Burgess identified five concentric zones that
often exist as cities grow, including the zone in
transition which was identified as most volatile and
subject to disorder.
The proponents of this school were Sigmund
Freud, Alexander and Staub, Ellis and Smith
 Sigmund Freud

The pioneer of psychoanalysis which stated that

personality is made up of 3 elements:
 The ID- the sets of instincts and basic drives
 Ego- keeps Id and superego in balance
 Superego- moral conscience
Psychoanalytic Theory- this theory blames criminal
or delinquent behavior to a conscience that is
either so overbearing that it arouses feelings of
guilt, or so weak that it cannot control the
individuals impulses and leads to a need for
immediate gratification.
 Alexander and Staub- believed that family is
crucial to a healthy personality structure.

 Ellisand Smith- noted that female offenders

display aggressive behavior during immediate pre-
menstrual periods.
 Socio-Social- Pscho School

 The most varied and diverse school of criminology

which views crimes as a result of social factors
such as poverty, subcultures, level of education,
and other cultural forces. It emphasized on the
theory of imitation in crime causation.
 Proponents of this school are: Edwin
Sutherland, Emile Durkheim, Gabriel Tarde,
Thorsten Sellin
Edwin Sutherland
 Known as the Dean of Modern Criminology and a
proponent of Differential Association Theory.
Emile Durkheim
 A proponent of Anomie theory which suggests that
complicated, industrialized societies promote isolation of
the individual. People became specialized in their
activities and are expected to survive on an individual
rather than group basis. Anomie is a "condition in which
society provides little moral guidance to individuals".It is
the breakdown of social bonds between an individual
and the community
 Gabriel Tarde
 Proponent of Imitation-Suggestion Theory which
states that delinquency and criminal matters are
learned and adopted. The learning process may
either be conscious type of copying (imitation) or
unconscious copying (suggestion) of confronting
pattern of behavior.
 Thorsten Sellin
 Proponent of Conflict of Culture theory which
asserts that the multiplicity of incompatible
cultures is the main source of social
disorganization.
 Other Contributors in Criminology
 Alphonse Bertillon- a French Law enforcement officer
and biometrics researcher who formulated the
Anthropometry- an identification system based on the
physical measurements of the person. It was the first
scientific system police used in the identification of
criminals.
 Willem Adrian Bonger- Dutch criminologists believed in
the casual link between crime and economic and social
contributions. He asserted that crime is social in origin and
a normal response to the prevailing cultural conditions.
 Adolph Quetelet- made use of data and statistical analysis
to gain insight into relationship between crime and
sociological factors such as age, gender, poverty, and
education.
 Charles Goring- he studied the mental characteristics of
3,000 convicts. He uncovered a significant relationship
between crime and a condition he referred to as defective
intelligence which involves such traits as
feeblemindedness, insanity and defective social instinct.
He believed that criminal characteristics are inherited and
that people with such traits should not be allowed to
reproduce.
 Albert Cohen (1918) - Advocated the “SUBCULTURE
THEORY” and “DELIQUENCY THEORY”. He includes
the explanation of prevalence, origin, process and purpose,
as factor to crime.
 Erving Golfman and Howard Becker (1922-1982) - the
advocate of the”LABELING THEORY” the theory
maintains that interaction cause them to behave criminally
when one or both interpretation of the meaning of such
interaction is wrong.
 Charles Darwin - his theory maintains that man is an
organism which is parasite and has an animalistic
behavior.
Early Explanations of the Causes/Existence
of Crime

 Crime is caused by a Demon

 Crime is caused by divine will
 Crime is a matter of retribution
 Crime is equal to sin
 Types of Explanation to Criminal Behavior

 Single or Unitary Cause- Crime is only caused by

one factor may it be social, biological, or mental.
 Multiple Factor Theory- crime is not a product of
a single cause but a combination of several factors.
 Electric Theory- crime is one instance maybe
caused by one factor while in other instances may
be caused by several set of factors.
 Biological Causes of Crimes

Family Studies
Juke Family Tree (Richard Dugdale)
 The family consisted of 6 girls, some of whom were
illegitimate. One of them was Ada Juke known as the
“Mother of Criminals.” 1,200 descendants for 75 years
were traced and found out that that there were 280
paupers, 60 thieves, 7 murderers, 40 other criminals, 40
with sexual diseases, 300 infants prematurely born, 50
prostitutes and 30 who were prosecuted for bastardy.
 Kalikak Family (Henry Goddard)
 Martin Kalikak was a revolutionary war soldier
who met a feeble minded girl and had illicit
relationship with her. About 489 descendants from
this lineage were traced which included 143 feeble
minded and 46 normal. 36 were illegitimate, 3
epileptics, 3 criminals, 8 kept brothels, and 82 died
in infancy.
 Sir Jonathan Edward`s Family
 Jonathan Edwards was a famous preacher during
the colonial period. When his family tree was
traced, none of the descendants was found to be
criminal. Rather, many became presidents of the
United States, governors, famous writers,
preachers and teachers.
 Physiognomy

 It is the study of facial features of a person in

relation to his criminal behavior. This is done by
determining the shape of the ears, nose, and eyes
and distance between them. This approach was
first used by Cesare Beccaria. Arrogant nose, bald
men and bearded women are criminal inclinations
according to this approach.
 Phrenology/Craniology
 It is the study of the external formation of the skull
indicating the conformation of the brain and the
development of its various parts in relation to the
behavior of the person.
 Mental Disturbances

1. Mental Deficiency- this is a condition of arrested

or incomplete development of the mind existing
before the age of eighteen arising from inherited
causes or induced by disease or injury.
Classes:
 Idiots- persons with mental defect to a degree that they are unable to
guard themselves against common physical dangers, their mentality
is compared to a 2 year old child.
 Imbeciles- persons whose state of mind is similar to a child 3 to 7
years old. It does not amount to idiocy but is incapable of managing
themselves or their affairs.
 Feeble minded- persons whose state of mind manifest cases where
there exist mental defectiveness that do not amount to imbecility.
Person in this state requires care, supervision, and control for their
own or from others.
 Morally defective- persons with strong vicious or criminal
propensities. In the case of children, they appear to be permanently
incapable of receiving benefits from proper instruction in ordinary
schools.
2. Psychosis- a severe mental disorder in which
thought and emotions are so impaired that contact
is lost with external reality. It is an abnormal
condition of the mind described as involving a
"loss of contact with reality".
People with psychosis normally have the following:

a. Hallucinations- A sensory perception in the absence of

external stimuli. Hallucinations are different
from illusions, or perceptual distortions, which are the
misperception of external stimuli.

b. Delusions- are false beliefs that a person holds on to,

without adequate evidence. It can be difficult to change
the belief, even with evidence to the contrary. Common
themes of delusions are persecutory (person believes that
others are out to harm them), grandiose (person believing
that they have special powers or skills), etc.
Karl Jaspers has classified psychotic delusions
into primary and secondary types.
 Primary delusions- are defined as arising
suddenly and not being comprehensible in terms of
normal mental processes.
 Secondary delusions -are typically understood as
being influenced by the person's background or
current situation (e.g., ethnicity; also religious,
superstitious, or political beliefs).
c. Schizophrenia- is a mental disorder characterized
by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality. This is
manifested by delusion and illusion. Common symptoms
include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing voices,
reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and a lack of
motivation.
d. Paranoia- is a thought process believed to be heavily influenced
by anxiety or fear, often to the point of delusion and
irrationality. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory, or
beliefs of conspiracy concerning a perceived threat towards oneself
(e.g. "Everyone is out to get me"). For example, an incident most
people would view as an accident or coincidence, a paranoid person
might believe was intentional.
3. Neurosis- a relatively mild mental illness that is
not caused by organic disease, involving symptoms
of stress (depression, anxiety, obsessive behavior,
hypochondria) but not a radical loss of touch with
reality. They may impair a person’s functioning in
virtually any area of his life, relationships, or
external affairs, but they are not severe enough to
incapacitate the person.
 Common Neuroses
1. Neurasthenia- manifests fatigue and nervousness
and sometimes pain. It is an ill-defined medical
condition characterized by lassitude, fatigue,
headache, and irritability, associated chiefly with
emotional disturbance.

2. Anxiety- a feeling of worry, nervousness, or

unease, typically about an imminent event or
something with an uncertain outcome.
3. Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis-uncontrollable or
irresistible impulse to do something. This may be
in the form of the following:

 Kleptomania- the compulsive desire to steal.

 Dipsomania- compulsive desire to drink alcohol.
 Pyromania- compulsive desire to set fire
 Homicidal compulsion- the irresistible urge to kill
somebody.
4. Hysteria- this refers to an unhealthy or senseless
emotional outbursts coupled with violent
emotional outbreaks.
5. Phobia- exaggerated fear of things that normal
people fear only in some degree, and fear on things
that ordinary people do not.
6. Depression- a state of unpleasantness, despair,
rejection, and hurt.
 Sexual Deviation
A type of mental disorder characterized by a
preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices.

Exhibitionism - a mental condition characterized by the

compulsion to display one's genitals in public.
Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects, situations, or
body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual.
Paraphilia - a condition characterized by abnormal sexual
desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities.
Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed toward children.
Sadomasochism - is the giving or receiving of pleasure,
sometimes sexual, from acts involving the infliction or
reception of pain or humiliation.

Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual

gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation
on others.

Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - is the practice

of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally
associated with another gender.

Masochism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially

sexual gratification, from one's own pain or humiliation.
Voyeurism - Watching others while naked or having
sex, generally without their knowledge; also
known as scopophilia or scoptophilia.

Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-species

sexual activity between human and non-human
animals or a fixation on such practice.
 Theoretical Explanations of Criminality

Differential Association Theory (by Edwin

Sutherland)- it assumes that persons who become
criminal do so because of contacts with criminal
patterns within the society. It asserts that behavior
can be best learned through association with the
members of the society.
Social Disorganization Theory (Henry Mckay and
Clifford Shaw)- postulates that neighborhood
plagued with poverty and economic deprivation
tend to experience high rates of population
turnover. With high turn-over, informal social
structure often fails to develop which in turn
makes it difficult to maintain social order in a
community.
Anomie theory (Emile Durkheim)- if social and
moral norms are confusing, unclear, or not present
crime will occur. The lack of norms or pre-
accepted limits of behavior in a society led to
deviant behavior.
 Demonology Theory- a theory which suggests
that people commit crimes due to the influence of
spirits or demons.
 Labeling Theory- it states that the reaction of
other people and the immediate effects of these
reactions create deviance.
 Strain Theory- it postulates that crime is a
function of the conflict between the goals people
have and the means they can use to achieve them.
 Geographical Causes of Crimes

 Season of the Year-crimes against persons are

more in summer while crimes against property are
rampant during rainy season
 Soil Formation-crimes are more in fertile land than
in hilly, rugged terrain.
 Month of the year-more violent crimes during
warm months
 Temperature- increase in temperature can lead to
increase crimes
 Sociological causes of crimes

 Lack of parental guidance

 Broken homes
 Employment shortage
 Influence of mass media
 Others
 Formula of Crime (Abrahamsen) S +T/R

 Anatomy of Crime= Intent, instrumentality, and

opportunity
Law- general rule of conduct, just, obligatory, laid
by legitimate power for common observance and
benefit.

Basic Principles of Application of Criminal Laws

 Generality
 Prospectivity
 Territoriality
 Sources of Criminal Law
1. Common Law- body of customs, practices,
traditions, and precedents developed overtime
without formal legislative process.
Types:
 Divine Law
 Natural Law
 Moral law
2. Statutory Law- laws that are developed through
formal legislative process.
Rules on jurisdiction over private or merchant vessels while in the
territory of another country
On foreign merchant vessels, there are two rules that are followed:
1) FRENCH RULE – that crimes committed on board a foreign
merchant vessel while on the waters of another country are not
triable in that country unless those affecting the peace and security
of that country or the safety of that state is endangered.
2) ENGLISH RULE – that such crimes are triable in that country
unless such crimes affect merely the internal management of the
vessel. This is also known as the Anglo-American Rule. This is the
rule that we followed in our jurisdiction – (US vs. Bull- 15 Phil.
7).This includes continuing crime committed on board a foreign
vessel sailing from a foreign port and which enters Philippine
waters is triable in our courts
 Criminal Law- branch or division of law which
defines crime, treats of their nature and provides
for their punishment.

 Crime- as an act or omission in violation of the

existing laws.
 Stages In The Execution Of A Crime
1. Attempted Stage - a stage in the execution of a crime where the
offender commences commission of a felony directly by over acts,
and does NOT perform all acts of execution which should produce
the felony
by reason of some cause or accident other his spontaneous
desistance.
2. Frustrated Stage - a stage in the execution of a crime where the
offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce
the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not
produce it due to some cause independent of the will of the
perpetrator.
3. Consummated Stage - a stage in the execution of a crime where all
the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishments are
present.
 General Classification of Crimes
 Felony- acts and omissions that violate the
Revised Penal Code or the Criminal Law.
 Misdemeanor/Infraction- acts and omissions
which violate the city or municipal ordinance
 Offense- acts and omissions which violate any
special laws
 Classifcation of Crimes according to the Mode/Manner of
Commission
a. Formal Crime- crimes which are consummated in one instant or by
a single act.
b. Material crimes- crimes which necessitates the three stages of
execution.

 Classification of Crime according to its Plurality

a. Simple Crime – a single act which constitutes only one offense.
b. Complex Crime- when a single act constitutes two or more grave
felonies (Compound) or when an offense is a necessary means for
committing another (complex Crime Proper) .
 Classification of Crimes According to its result
a. Acquisitive Crime- When the offender acquires
something as a consequence of his criminal act.
b. Extinctive Crime- when the end result of a criminal act is
destructive.
 Classification of Crimes According to the Period of
Commission
a. Seasonal Crimes- those committed only during a certain
period of the year.
b. Situational crimes- those committed only when given the
situation or when the opportunity arises.
 Classification of Crimes According to the Time of
Commission
a. Instant Crimes- those committed in the shortest possible
time (simple Crimes).
b. Episodal Crimes-those committed by a series of acts
undertaken in a lengthy space of time (Complex Crimes)

 Classification of Crimes According to the location of

Commission
a. Static Crimes- hose committed in one place only.
b. Continuing Crimes- those that can be committed in
several places.
 Classification of Crimes According to the Mental
Faculties
a. Rational crimes- those committed in the possession of
sanity.
b. Irrational crimes- those committed by persons who do
not know the nature and quality of their acts.

 Classification of Crimes According to the type of

Offenders
a. White Collar Crimes- those committed by persons in the
higher or upper socio economic status.
b. Blue collar crimes- those committed by ordinary persons
 Classification of Crimes According to the nature of acts
prohibited
a. Mala in Se- crimes that are evil or wrong in itself.
b. Mala prohibita- these are crimes that are considered illegal because
laws define them as such.
 Classification of Crimes According to the Gravity of Penalty
a. Grave felonies- those which attaches capital punishment or afflictive
penalties.
b. Less grave felonies- penalties from arresto mayor to prision
correctional including distierro and suspension.
c. Light penalties- infractions of law or those crimes punishable by
arresto menor.
 Classification of Crimes According to the Criminal Law

 Crimes against national security and the law of nations-

Ex: treason, espionage, piracy
 Crimes against the fundamental law of the state- Ex:
arbitrary detention
 Crimes against public interest- Ex: forgery, falsification,
fraud
 Crimes against public morals- Ex: gambling, prostitution
 Crime committed by public officers- Ex: bribery,
corruption, malversation
 Crimes against persons- murder, homicide
 Crimes against personal liberty and security- Ex:
kidnapping, exploitation of minors, illegal
detention
 Crimes against property- Ex: robbery, theft
 Crimes against chastity- Ex: adultery,
concubinage, rape
 Crimes against the civil status of persons- Ex:
bigamy
 Crimes against honor- Ex: libel, slander
 Classification of Criminals (under RPC)
 Recidivist- is one who at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have
been previously convicted by final judgment of another crime
embraced in the same title of the RPC.
 Quasi-recidivist- is one who commits another crime after having been
convicted by final judgment of a crime before beginning to serve such
sentence or while serving the same.
 Habitual delinquent- is one who within the period of ten years from
the date of his release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or
less serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa or falsification is found
guilty of any of the said crimes for the third time or oftener.
 Reiteration/Habituality- Where the offender has been previously
punished for an offense to which the law attaches an equal or greater
penalty or for two crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty.
Previous offenses must not be in the same title in the RPC.
 Crime Volume
 It is the number of crime incidents committed in a
given area over a period of time which include the
index and non index crimes.
CV= IC + NIC
 Index crimes
 Are crimes which are serious in nature and which
occur with sufficient frequency and regularity such
that they can serve as an index to the crime
causation. Only the crimes of murder, homicide,
physical injury (serious and less serious),
carnapping, cattle rustling, robbery, theft and rape
are considered as index crimes.
 Crime Rate- number of crime incidents in a given
period of time for every 100,000 inhabitants of an
area.
(Number of Crimes / Population) x 100,000 =
Crime Rate Per 100,000
Example: In 2010 there were 58,100 robberies in
Samar and the population was 38,826,898. This
equals to a robbery crime rate of 149.6 per
100,000 general population
Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE)
 It is the percentage of solved cases out of the total
number of crime incidents handled by law
enforcement agencies for a given period of time.
CSE=Solved Cases divided by Crime Volume
multiplied by 100
Crime Clearance Efficiency (CCE)
 It is the percentage of cleared cases out of the total number of crime
incidents handled by law enforcement agencies for a given period of
time.
CCE= CC/CV multiplied by 100

Note: A case is solved when the offender has been identified and there is sufficient
evidence to charge him, the offender has been taken into custody, and the
offender has been charged before the prosecutors office, or when some elements
beyond police officers control prevent the arrest of the offender. When a case is
no longer being investigated and is not assigned to an investigator, the case is
closed. A closed case can either be solved or unsolved.
Note: a case is cleared when at least one of the offenders has been identified, there is
sufficient evidence to charge the suspect, and he has been charged before the
prosecutor`s office.
 National Crime Reporting System (NCRS)
consists of details of the crime which includes
the victim and offenders data.

 PoliceRegional Office Periodic Report-

concerned with the 5 Ws and 1 H, so as the
result of the investigation.
 THANK YOU…

TO GOD BE THE GLORY!!!!!!

“The distance between studying and passing

is the sane distance between your knees and the ground”
cueno, B.,2013