Non-Mendelian Genetics

Inheritance Concepts Mendel

Never Imagined!
 Mendelian Genetics
(Complete Dominance)
 Only two possible Phenotypes: either
dominant or recessive

 Tall plant X Short plant = Tall plant

(TT) (tt) (Tt)
 Non-Mendelian Genetics
 But, not all inheritance is based on the
rules of Complete Dominance!!
 Non-Mendelian Genetics
Definition
 Genetic interactions that do not follow
complete dominance, are expressed
together, or influence each other’s
expression.
 Introduction
 Mendelian Genetics describes inheritance
patterns based on Complete Dominance.
 There are other types of inheritance that
Mendel never considered:
 Incomplete Dominance
 Codominance
 Multiple Alleles
 Polygenic Traits
 Sex-linked
 Incomplete Dominance
 The appearance of a certain trait can be a
mixture of contrasting characters of the
purebred parents
 The combination of the two traits results to
an intermediate expression of both traits/
or a blended trait that does not resemble
the pure trait of either parent

x =
 Incomplete Dominance
The hybrid (heterozygous) offspring
displays a THIRD Phenotype!! Neither trait
is completely dominant, as a result, there
appears to be a blending phenotype.
Red Flower X White Flower = Pink
(RR) (WW) (RW)
 Incomplete Dominance
 Primroses, snapdragons, and four-o’clocks
exhibit this pattern
Incomplete Dominance Problem
 What are the probabilities of pink, red and
white flowers if purebred red-flowered four
o’clock plant is crossed with white-
flowered four o’clock plant? • 4 RW, 0 RR
and 0 WW
• 100%
chance of
Pink
Flowers
• 4:0:0
Incomplete Dominance Problem
 What are the probabilities of pink, red, and
white flowers if pink flowers are bred with
red flowers?
Incomplete Dominance Problem
 What are the probabilities of pink, red, and
white flowers if pink flowers are bred with
pink flowers?
Incomplete Dominance Problem
 What are the probabilities of red, pink, and
white flowers if pink flowers are bred with
pink flowers?
 Codominance
 In some traits, both alleles in the
heterozygote are fully expressed, a
genetic situation known as
CODOMINANCE
 Both traits are dominant, and show up in
the phenotype together. Co means
“together”

+ =
 Codominance

 Codominance Problem
 What are all the possible phenotypes
(black, white, roan) when two roan-colored
cows are bred?
 Codominance Problem
 What are all the possible phenotypes (red,
white, roan (both colors appear)) when
red-colored horse and white-colored horse
are bred?
 Codominance Problem
 What are all the possible phenotypes
(brown, white, and roan) when brown-
colored dog and roan-colored dog are
bred?
 Below are imaginary organisms. Note horn shape, leg
length, fur color and tail shape. Now determine the type of
inheritance of the four traits by examining the genotypes of
the parents and offspring.
 MULTIPLE ALLELES
 Type of non-Mendelian
inheritance that involves
more than just the typical
alleles that code for a
certain trait
 Example: Blood types of
Humans
 Blood types A and B are
DOMINANT
 Blood type O is
RECESSIVE
Multiple Allele Problems
If a woman with AB blood
has children with a man
who has type O, what will
be the possible genotypes
of their children? What will
be their blood types?

I A I B

i IA i IB i
i IA i IB i
Multiple Allele Problems
If a woman with homozygous B
blood has children with a man
who has type heterozygous A,
what will be the possible
genotypes of their children?
What will be their blood types?
Multiple Allele Problems
If a woman with heterozygous B
blood has children with a man
who has type AB, what will be
the possible genotypes of their
children? What will be their
blood types?
Multiple Alleles Problems
A woman with type
homozygous B blood has a
child with type O blood.
How is this possible if her
husband has type A blood?
 Polygenic Traits
Require more than one gene (allele) to
determine trait.
Skin tone is determined by 4-6 genes—that
means that there may be six different
chromosomes involved!
 INTEGRATION
A. Ignacian Core/Related Values: Faith
Are you satisfied and contented of what God
has given to you?
B. Social Orientation:
What essential characteristics must a person
has so that he/she can serve the community?
C. Lesson Across Discipline: Christian Living
What are the traits you’ve got from your parents
that something you should proud of?
 INTEGRATION
D. Faith/Biblical Reflection:
Romans 5:12
Therefore, just as sin came into the
world through one man, and death through
sin, and so death spread to all men because
all sinned
 SEATWORK
Determine the possible traits of the offsprings by
using the Punnett square method
 1. In Japanese four o'clock plant RED color is
incompletely dominant over WHITE flowers, and
the heterozygous condition (RW) results in
plants with pink flowers. What are the
probabilities of pink, red, and white flowers if
pink flower is bred with pink flower?
 SEATWORK

 SEATWORK

3. A man with blood type O marries a

woman with blood type AB. State the
possible phenotypic ratios of the offspring.

4. A woman that is a carrier of hemophilia

marries a hemophiliac man. What is the
probability that their first child will be a
hemophiliac?
 SEATWORK

1. A hemophiliac woman marries a normal

man. What is the probability that their first
child will be a hemophiliac?
 REVIEW
 Identify the type of inheritance:
 SEX-LINKED TRAITS or X-
LINKED TRAITS are
controlled by the genes
located on the sex
chromosomes (X
chromosome)
 Examples:
o Hemophilia
o Color Blindness
o Duchenne muscular
dystrophy
o Charcot-Marie Tooth disease
 Sex-Linked Traits
are carried only in X
chromosome

 MALES are
affected by sex-
linked traits
(recessive X-linked
traits) more often Normal
Hemophiliac Bald
Color Blind
than females (XX)
since male (XY)
have only one X
chromosome
 FEMALES are less
likely to express a
sex-linked trait,
since the other X
chromosome may
mask the effect of
the trait Normal
Hemophiliac Bald
Color Blind


Hemophiliac Bald
Normal
Color Blind


Hemophiliac Bald
Normal
Color Blind
 Heterozygous Females (XXc) are carriers. They
do not show the trait, but carry a gene for the
trait.
 Homozygous Females (XcXc) have the trait
 Males with the gene (XcY) have the trait.—They
do not have another X to counterbalance the
affected gene
 Color blindness is a sex-linked
recessive trait. The gene for this trait is
inherited through the X chromosome.
 Hemophilia is another sex-linked
recessive trait. It is characterized by
delayed blood clotting. This could lead
to excessive bleeding that can damage
organs