AIR CONDITIONING

Rahul khare
BUILDING SEEN AS A
HUMAN

If a building is seen like a living

thing, being warmed or cooled
according to the ambient
conditions, light and ventilation,
each part kept in contact with
the outside world by the pipes,
ducts, and cables running like
arteries, veins, and nerves about
the skeleton. Every activity
within the building is dependent
on the services and without
them it is a lifeless hulk,
incapable of being operated for
the purpose for which it was
designed.
INTRODUCTION
 HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) refers to
technology of indoor or automotive environmental comfort.
 An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner,
provides cooling, ventilation, and humidity control for all or part of
a house or building.
 An air conditioner (often referred to as AC or air con.) is an appliance ,
system, or machine designed to stabilise the air temperature and
humidity within an area (used for cooling as well as heating depending
on the air properties at a given time), typically using a refrigeration
cycle but sometimes using evaporation, commonly for comfort cooling
in buildings and motor vehicles.
 A.C. IN PAST TIMES

 The concept of air conditioning is known to have been applied

in Ancient Rome, where aqueduct water was circulated through the
walls of certain houses to cool them.
 Similar techniques in medieval Persia involved the use
of cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season.
 Modern air conditioning emerged from advances in chemistry during
the 19th century, and the first large-scale electrical air conditioning was
invented and used in 1902 by Willis Haviland Carrier.
 BASIC PRINCIPLE
An air conditioner is basically
a refrigerator without the insulated
box. It uses the evaporation of a
refrigerant, like Freon, to provide
cooling. The mechanics of the Freon
evaporation cycle are the same in a
refrigerator as in an air conditioner
1. The compressor compresses cool Freon
gas, causing it to become hot, high-
pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram
above).
2. This hot gas runs through a set of coils so
it can dissipate its heat, and it condenses
into a liquid.
3. The Freon liquid runs through an
expansion valve, and in the process it
evaporates to become cold, low-pressure
Freon gas (light blue in the diagram
above).
4. This cold gas runs through a set of coils
that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool
down the air inside the building.
{Mixed in with the Freon is a small
amount of lightweight oil. This oil
lubricates the compressor.}
 Types: Air conditioners
Different Types of Air Conditioning Systems

Non Ducting Types Ducting Types

Basic
Central AC
Window AC Functioning
Of any AC

Split AC Packaged AC
WINDOW AC
A window air conditioner unit
implements a complete air
conditioner in a small space. The
units are made small enough to fit
into a standard window frame. You
close the window down on the
unit, plug it in and turn it on to get
cool air. If you take the cover off
of an unplugged window unit,
you'll find that it contains:

.A compressor
.An expansion valve
.A hot coil (on the outside)
.A chilled coil (on the inside)
.Two fans
.A control unit
The window air conditioner is the cheapest of all air conditioning systems.

 If your room or office size is about less than 100 sq. ft. a window air conditioner of
about 0.8 ton can be good enough.

If the size of room is more than this but less than 200 sq. ft. your HVAC designer will
recommend a window air conditioner of about 1 ton
.
For rooms of bigger sizes but less than 300 sq. ft. the system of about 1.5 ton is
advisable.

However, these sizes may change depending upon the number of people occupying
the space, its alignment with respect to sun, and other sources of heat generation
inside the room
 Installation Window AC
Tips for Installing the Window Air Conditioner
Here are some important tips to remember before installing window air conditioner:
Install the window air conditioner on the largest wall of the room that is exposed to the
external atmosphere. Doing this ensures uniform distribution of the chilled air inside
the room.
The height of the window AC inside the room should be about 75 cm to 120 cm from
the floor. This will allow the flow of the fresh chilled within the room such that the
maximum cooling effect would be utilized by the occupants inside the room. If the
height of the window AC is too high, lots of cooling effect of the air will be used to cool
the ceiling of the room.
 Keep the high current point ready before the installation around the location where
the window AC will be installed.
 You can install the window AC either in the wall of the room or the window. If you are
installing the unit in the window make sure that the window is large enough and strong
enough to bear the weight of the window AC
SPLIT AC
1. The split air-conditioner is split into two
basic components, the indoor unit and the
outdoor unit. These two units are
connected by refrigeration tubing and
electrical wires that can pass through a
hole in the wall barely lOCM in diameter.
2. The relatively noisy components such as
the compressor and condenser fan are in
the outdoor unit, the conditioned space
tends to be quiet.
3. There are situations where it is not
possible to mount •. a window air-
conditioner because of obstructions from
neighbouring walls or nonavailability of a
suitable window. In such cases, the split
air-conditioner is used because the
outdoor unit can be mounted on the roof
or on a ledge some distance away from the
room to be air-conditioned.
4. Split air-conditioners are more expensive
than the window mounted type, they are
preferred for their low noise levels.
TYPE OF SPLIT AC
SPLIT AC

FLOOR MOUNTED WALL MOUNTED CEILING MOUNTED

CEILING MOUNTED
ARE OF 2 TYPES

1. EXPOSED TYPE
2. CASETTE TYPE
WORKING OF SPLIT AC
INSTALLING T H E AIR-CONDITIONER
INSTALLATION OF THE OUTDOOR UNIT
*The outdoor unit must be firmly fixed to avoid falling in strong wind.
Install on the cement base as in the drawing.
*If it is installed at seaside or at a place high above the ground and with
strong wind, the AC should be installed against the wall to ensure the
normal operation of the fan and the blocking plate should be used.
*If it is an overhanging installation, the structure of the mounting wall
should be made of solid, cement or materials with equivalent strength,
and of sufficient support capacity. Otherwise, measures such as
reinforcement, support or vibration damping should be adopted.
INSTALLATION OF THE INDOOR UNIT
*First make changes to wall and make sure that is hard and secure. Using
four “+” type screws to fasten the installation board onto the wall. Keep
it level in horizontal direction and perpendicular in vertical direction.
Otherwise it might cause water drips when air-conditioner is running
in cooling operation.
*Drill 70mm diameter pipe hole at the left lower or right lower side of the
installation board. The hole shall slant outward slightly.
*Hang the indoor unit to the board and make sure the machine is in the
middle of the board.
*Push the machine towards the left lower and right lower side of the
installation board until hangers enter tightly into the groove
 PACKAGE AIR CONDITIONERS
In a packaged unit air conditioning
system the compressor,
condenser, and evaporator are all
located in one self contained unit,
which usually is located on the
ground or a roof top. The window
and split air conditioners are
usually used for the small air
conditioning capacities up to 5
tons.
Generally it is used in the area where
we want to cool 2rooms or large
space such as office etc.
It is available in the fixed rated
capacities 5-10 tone
TYPES OF PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONERS

1. packaged air conditioners with air cooled

condensers
2. packaged air conditioners with water cooled
condenser
PACKAGED AIR
CONDITIONERS WITH
WATER COOLED
CONDENSER
•The condenser is cooled by the water.
•The condenser is of shell and tube type, with
refrigerant flowing along the tube side and
the cooling water flowing along the shell
side.
•The water has to be supplied continuously
in these systems.
•This whole packaged air conditioning unit
externally looks like a box with the control
panel located externally.
•In the packaged units with the water cooled
condenser, the compressor is located at the
bottom along with the condenser.
•Above these components the evaporator or
the cooling coil is located.
•From the top of the package air conditioners
the duct comes out that extends to the
various rooms that are to be cooled.
PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONERS WITH AIR COOLED
CONDENSERS
in this conditioners the condenser is cooled by
the atmospheric air.
there is an outdoor unit that comprises of the
important components like the compressor,
condenser.

the outdoor unit can be kept on the terrace or any

other open place where the free flow of the
atmospheric air is available.

the fan located inside this unit sucks the outside

air and blows it over the condenser coil cooling it
in the process.

the packaged ac with the air cooled condensers

are used more commonly than the ones with
water cooled condensers.
the cooling unit comprising of the expansion
valve, evaporator, the air handling blower and
the filter are located on the floor or hanged to
the ceiling. the ducts coming from the cooling
unit are connected to the various rooms that
are to be cooled.
 USES
USED COMMONLY IN PLACES
LIKE
 RESTAURANTS,
 TELEPHONEEXCHANGES,
 HOUSES,
 SMALL HALLS, ETC.
PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONERS

Portable air conditioners are movable units that can be used

to cool a specific region of building in a modular fashion,
not requiring permanent installation. Most portable air
conditioners are refrigeration based rather than evaporative,
that is described here…..

HOW DO PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONERS

WORK?

All refrigerated type portable air conditioners require exhaust

hoses for venting. Through this process of air intake, cooling
and venting, air is continually cycled through the unit until
the room reaches the desired temperature setting. Also, the
refrigerant works to not only cool the air but also dehumidify
air in the room, owing to decrease in the temperature he air
resulting in saturation of the water content that can be
suspended in the air, resulting in condensation, when the air is
returned to the room, the air will be reheated without this
additional water content.
TYPES OF PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONER

 Single hosed units - A single hosed

unit has one hose that runs from the back of the
portable air conditioner to the vent kit where hot
air can be released. A typical single hosed portable
air conditioner can cool a room that is 475 sq. ft.
(45 sq meters) or smaller and has at most a
cooling power of 12,000 BTUs.

 Dual hosed units - Dual hosed units are typically used in larger rooms. One hose is used
as the exhaust hose to vent hot air and the other as the intake hose to draw in additional air
(usually from the outside). These units generally have a cooler power of 12,000-14,000 BTUs and
cool rooms that are around 500 sq. ft. The reason an intake hose is needed to draw in extra air is
because with higher BTU units, air is cycled in large amounts and hot air is expelled at a faster rate.
This creates negative air pressure in the room, and the intake hose stabilizes the room's air
pressure.
 According to - sizes
Small portable air conditioner
 7500 BTU Free Standing Air Conditioner
 9000 BTU Free Standing Air Conditioner
 9000 BTU Digital Portable Air Conditioner
 10000 BTU Free Standing Air Conditioner

Medium size portable air conditioner

 12000 BTU Free Standing Air Conditioner
 12000 BTU Portable Air Conditioner w/ Built-in Water pump

Large portable air conditioner

•3000 BTU Free standing air conditioner
•14000 BTU Free standing air conditioner heater w/ion and UV light
•14000 BTU Free standing air conditioner w/ion and UV light
•14000 BTU portable air conditioner
 INSTALLATION SETUP
Parts and their fittings

connect end of the hose to

the window strip connector.
SPECIAL FEATURE
•air conditioners already have evaporative boosters.
•Plus there is an additional inner tube .
•which is connected to the water tank within the AC.
• The AC will pump out the water and spray the water as a
tiny mist of water.
• One end of the inner tube is in the water tank and the
other end is connected to the exhaust hose around the exit
at the window and because the exhaust hose is blowing
out the warm air at the same time, it most likely will
evaporate that mist.

DISADVANTAGE
•Quite noisy.
Not suitable for large areas.
•open to vent exhaust hose.
Some models build-up condensation in a tank that needs to be
emptied regularly.
ADVANTAGE
• Because a portable air conditioner can be operated independently of central
systems.
• It is easier to target cooling specifically where you want it.
•Portable air conditioners use less energy than other air conditioner types.
•The biggest benefit of a portable air conditioner is its energy efficiency
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING
CENTRAL AIR CONDITION
 INTRODUCTION
 Central air conditioning, commonly is an air
conditioning system which uses ducts to
distribute cooled and/or dehumidified air to
more than one room, or uses pipes to
distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in
more than one room.
 With a typical split system, the condenser and
compressor are located in an outdoor unit; the
evaporator is mounted in the air handler unit.
 For larger buildings, such as hospitals,
restaurants, hotels and other places that are
multi-leveled, have a certain amount of square
footage and are visited by the public or have
many employees that require a more intricate
air conditioning system .eg. Restaurants
,Museums ,Shopping Malls ,Hospitals etc
 COMPONENTS
Refrigerant
Desirable properties:
High latent heat of vaporization - max cooling
Non-toxicity (no health hazard)
Desirable saturation temp (for operating pressure)
Chemical stability (non-flammable/non-explosive)
Ease of leak detection
Low cost
Readily available Commonly use FREON (R-12, R-114, etc.)

Evaporator/Chiller
Located in space to be refrigerated
Cooling coil acts as an indirect heat exchanger
Absorbs heat from surroundings and vaporizes
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Sensible Heat of surroundings
 COMPONENTS

Compressor Condenser
Superheated Vapor:
Enters as low press, low temp Refrigerant rejects latent heat to
vapor cooling medium
Exits as high press, high temp Latent heat of condensation (LHC)
vapor
Indirect heat exchanger: water
Temp: creates differential (DT) absorbs the heat and discharges it
promotes heat transfer overboard
Increase in energy provides the
driving force to circulate refrigerant
through the system
Receiver
Expansion Device
Temporary storage space & surge
Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV)
volume for the sub-cooled refrigerant
Liquid Freon enters the expansion valve at
Serves as a vapor seal to prevent vapor
high pressure and leaves as a low pressure
from entering the expansion valve
wet vapor (vapor forms as refrigerant
enters saturation region)
Controls:
Pressure reduction
Amount of refrigerant entering evaporator
 CENTRAL AIR CONDITION
The system shown involves three separate cycles: the air cycling
through the ducts inside the house, the flow of air through the unit
outside the house, and the circulation of the refrigerant between the
inside and outside units. Air in a duct system passes through a filter to
remove dust particles. Then it enters a blower, which sends the air into
the evaporator. The hot air vaporizes the refrigerant, which cools the air
and transports the heat out of the house. Clean, cool air then passes
through the duct system and throughout the house, later returning to
be cooled again. The refrigerant is condensed, cooled by outside air,
compressed, and then sent back to the evaporator.
MECHANISM OF CENTRAL AC
 Air handling unit (AHU)

An air handler, or air handling unit (AHU),

is a device used to condition and circulate
air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) system.
Usually, an air handler is a large metal box
containing a blower, heating and/or cooling
elements, filter racks or chambers, sound
attenuators, and dampers.
Air handlers usually connect to ductwork
that distributes the conditioned air through
the building, and returns it to the AHU.
Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and
admit (return) air directly to and from the
space served, without ductwork.

Small air handlers, for local use, are called

terminal units, and may only include an air
filter, coil, and blower; these simple
terminal units are called blower coils or fan
coil units.
An air handler designed for outdoor use,
typically on roofs, is known as a packaged
unit (PU) or rooftop unit (RTU).
 Air handling unit (AHU)

• When the air handling unit turns on, room air is drawn in from various parts of the
building through return-air ducts. This air is pulled through a filter where airborne
particles such as dust and lint are removed. Sophisticated filters may remove microscopic
pollutants as well. The filtered air is routed to air supply ductwork that carries it back to
rooms. Whenever the air conditioner is running, this cycle repeats continually. Because
the central air conditioning unit is located outside the home, it offers a lower level of
indoor noise than a free-standing air conditioning unit.
Air handler components Blower/fan

Air handlers typically employ a large

squirrel cage blower driven by an AC
induction electric motor to move the
air.
The blower may operate at a single
speed, offer a variety of pre-set speeds,
or be driven by a Variable Frequency
Drive so as to allow a wide range of air
flow rates.
Flow rate may also be controlled by
inlet vanes or outlet dampers on the
fan. Some residential air handlers
(central 'furnaces' or 'air conditioners')
use a brushless DC electric motor that
has variable speed capabilities.
In large commercial air handling units,
multiple blowers may be present,
typically placed at the end of the AHU
and the beginning of the supply
ductwork (therefore also called "supply Blower/fan
fans").
They are often augmented by fans in
the return air duct ("return fans"),
pushing the air into the AHU.
AHU (AIR HANDLING UNIT )
COOLING TOWERS

 A cooling tower is an equipment used to reduce the temperature of a water stream

 by extracting heat from water and emitting it to the atmosphere. Cooling towers
make use of evaporation where by some of the water is evaporated into a moving
air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere. As a result, the
remainder of the water is cooled down significantly.
With respect to drawing air through the tower, there are two types of cooling
towers:

Natural draft = which utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney. Warm, moist air
naturally rises due to the density differential to the dry, cooler outside air. Warm
moist air is less dense than drier air at the same pressure. This moist air buoyancy
produces a current of air through the tower.

Mechanical draft = which uses power driven fan motors to force or draw air
through the tower. A mechanical draft tower with a fan at the discharge which
pulls air through tower. The fan induces hot moist air out the discharge. This
produces low entering and high exiting air velocities, reducing the possibility of
recirculation in which discharged air flows back into the air intake. This fan/fin
arrangement is also known as draw-through.
Categorization by air-to-water flow
Cross flow
Cross flow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow .
Air flow enters one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill material.
Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity. The air continues
through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open plenum area. A distribution or
hot water basin consisting of a deep pan with holes or nozzles in the bottom is utilized
in a cross flow tower.
Counterflow
In a counterflow design the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow (see diagram
below). Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media and is then drawn up
vertically.
 COOLING TOWERS
Components of a cooling tower
• The basic components of a cooling tower include the frame and casing, fill, cold-water basin , drift
eliminators, air inlet, louvers, nozzles and fans.
• Frame and casing. Most towers have structural frames that support the exterior enclosures
(casings), motors, fans, and other components.
• Fill. Most towers employ fills (made of plastic or wood) to facilitate heat transfer by maximizing
water and air contact. Water falls over successive layers of horizontal splash bars, continuously
breaking into smaller droplets, while also wetting the fill surface.
• Cold-water basin. The cold-water basin is located at or near the bottom of the tower, and it
receives the cooled water that flows down through the tower and fill.
• Drift eliminators. These capture water droplets entrapped in the air stream that otherwise would
be lost to the atmosphere.
• Air inlet. This is the point of entry for the air entering a tower. The inlet may take up an entire side
of a tower (cross-flow design) or be located low on the side or the bottom of the tower (counter-
flow design).
• Louvers. Generally, cross-flow towers have inlet louvers. The purpose of louvers is to equalize air
flow into the fill and retain the water within the tower. Many counter flow tower designs do not
require louvers.
• Nozzles. These spray water to wet the fill. Uniform water distribution at the top of the fill is
essential to achieve proper wetting of the entire fill surface. Nozzles can either be fixed and spray in
a round or square patterns
DUCTING
 DUCT DESIGN OBJECTIVES

1.To provide conditioned air to meet all rooms heating & cooling
requirements.

2.Is properly sized so that the pressure drop across the air handler within the
manufacturer and design specifications.

3.Is properly sealed so that any leakage or entrance of any polluted air is
avoided.

4.Has balanced air supply and return air flow so as to maintain a neutral
pressure in house.

5.Minimizes duct air temperature gains or losses between the air handler and
supply outlets, and between the return register and air handler.
 SYSTEMS OF DUCTING

TRUNK AND BRANCH SYSTEM

(or ex. Loop system)

1. In the trunk and branch system, a large main supply trunk is connected
directly to the air handler or its supply plenum and serves as a supply extension
to the supply plenum.
2. Smaller branch ducts and run outs are connected to the trunk.
3. The trunk and branch system is adaptable to most houses, but it has more
places where leaks can occur.
4.It provides air flows that are easily balanced and can be easily designed to
be located inside the conditioned space of the house.
 SPIDER SYSTEM
1. A spider system is a more distinct variation of the trunk and
branch system.
2. Large supply trunks (usually large-diameter flexible ducts) connect remote
mixing boxes to a small, central supply plenum.
3. Smaller branch ducts or run outs take air from the remote mixing boxes to
the individual supply outlets.
4. This system is difficult to locate within the conditioned space of the house.
 RADIAL SYSTEM
1. In a radial system, there is no main supply trunk; branch ducts or runouts that
deliver conditioned air to individual supply
2.Outlets are essentially connected directly to the air handler, usually using a
small supply plenum.
3.The short, direct duct runs maximize air flow. The radial system is most
adaptable to
single-story homes.
4.Traditionally, this system is associated with an air handler that is centrally
located so that ducts are arranged in a radial pattern.
 PERIMETER LOOP SYSTEM

1. A perimeter loop system uses a perimeter duct fed from a

central supply plenum using several feeder ducts.
2. This system is typically limited to houses built on slab in cold climates
and is more difficult to design and install
 RETURN DUCT SYSTEM

Return ducts remove room air and deliver it back to the heating and cooling
equipment for filtering and reconditioning. Return duct systems are generally
classified as either central or multiple-room return.

Multiple -room return system

Central return system
 DUCT MATERIALS

Air distribution ducts are commonly constructed from sheet

metal, rigid fiberglass duct board, or flexible nonmetallic duct.
Selection of duct material is based on price, performance,
and installation requirements.

SHEET METAL
Sheet metal is the most common duct material and can be
used
on most all supply and return duct applications (for plenums,
trunks, branches, and run outs). Sheet metal ducts have a
smooth interior surface that offers the least resistance to air
flow.
 FIBERGLASS DUCT BOARD
Fiberglass duct board is insulated and sealed as part of its
construction. It is usually used to form rectangular supply and
return trunks, branches, and plenums, although it can be used
for run outs as well. Connections should be mechanically
fastened using shiplap or V-groove joints and stapling and
sealed with pressure-activated tapes and mastic. Fiberglass duct
board provides excellent sound attenuation, but its longevity is
highly dependent on its closure and fastening systems.

FLEXIBLE NONMETALLIC DUCT

Flexible nonmetallic duct (or flex duct) consists of a duct
inner
liner supported on the inside by a helix wire coil and covered
by blanket insulation with a flexible vapor-barrier jacket on
the
outside. Flex duct is often used for run outs, with metal collars
used to connect the flexible duct to supply plenums, trunks,
and branches constructed from sheet metal or duct board.
Flex
duct is also commonly used as a return duct.
DISTRIBUTION OF DUCTS
 AREA ANALYSIS

APPROX.
AREA AC TYPE
BTU
• 200 sq. feet • 6500 • Portable
• 1000 sq. feet • 18000 /window ac
• 2000 sq. feet • 60000 • Window
and small
central units
• Central
units

As an architect we should know that how much area require for AHU
For 480 m square area we should give a room of 3x 3msq.
Central equipment room housing boiler, chiller and large pumps should
have between 12 -16 ft clear height available from finished floor to
underside of structure
To allow adequate clearance long narrow rooms with aspect ratio width to
length approx. 1:2 is most flexible and efficient piping
SITE VISIT - CENTRAL AC
RIVER SIDE MALL
In Riverside mall three central ac are planted
• one for INOX
•Second for Big bazar
•Third for food court
 Here the condenser
coils are water cooled
Here the AHU( air
handling unit) are on
each floor
The cooling tower is on
each floor and for the
top floor it is mounted
on terrace
Expansion tank and
water softener on
terrace(supply water at
shortage)

Cooling tower
Temp ranges from 29deg-35deg
It takes 275 TR ( turns per round)
 STRAINER
It absorbs all the dust
particles and waste from the
water which is coming from
the the cooling tower
 AHU (Air handling unit )
In INOX mall each floor has its
individual AHU unit
The capacity of each AHU Is 28000
CFM
1TON = 400 CFM
 Three coolers capacity 115watt and
260watt

Each AHU has evaporator

coils in which refrigerant
is flowing
Air filters
 These are coolent supplying
ducts
to the AHU unit

They are insulated by neutrol sheet

(generally covered by thermacol or
foam)

In AHU unit the chamber air is

passed to the evaporator coils
carrying the refrigerent and the cool
air is taken to the interior of
building
These are supply ducts which
are taking the cool air to
distribute it at different
floors
AHU

Distribution pipes
PLANT ROOM
PLANT ROOM
contains

 a compressor
a chiller
a condenser

As we have two
circuits in
central ac
system
Primary unit(
AHU + plant
room )
Secondary
unit (cooling
They have two compressors tower + ducts )
One with capacity 115TR
Two with capacity 260 TR
 SCREW CHILLER ( OIL
COOLENT )

THE SCREW CHILLER reduces the

temp of air to 22.6DEG
THE CONDENSER generally takes
8.8 and gives 7.4 air pressure to enter
in the room
THE CONDENSER CONTROL PANEL
 Pipes carrying
coolent

Motors for pumping water to the

cooling tower
Ducting done in the
basement parking

Distribution panel which

is controlling power of
the plant room

Each
plant
take
360kw
SYSTEM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Self contained Units •Temperature can be •The operation is left
(Window/Split units) controlled by the totally on guest control.
guest very easily. •This sometimes leads to
•The installation is the unit being left on even
not very expensive. when the room is not
occupied thus wasting
energy
Central Air •Can be directly •Air flow requires an
conditioning ducted in rooms. elaborate system of ducts.
(Air ducts) •Air flow can be •Ducts are large in size.
regulated by guests. •Ducts are noisy.
•A central control
over a larger area is
obtained.
•Good for public
spaces
 EVAPORATIVE COOLING
 Evaporative cooling – It is a physical phenomenon in which
evaporation of a liquid, typically into surrounding air, cools an
object or a liquid in contact with it.
• Latent heat describes the amount of heat that is needed to
evaporate the liquid; this heat comes from the liquid itself
and the surrounding gas and surfaces.
• When considering water evaporating into air, the wet-bulb
temperature, as compared to the air's dry-bulb temperature,
is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling.
• The greater the difference between the two temperatures, the greater the
evaporative cooling effect. When the temperatures are the same, no net
evaporation of water in air occurs, thus there is no cooling effect.
• A simple example of natural evaporative cooling is perspiration, or sweat, which
the body secretes in order to cool itself.
• The amount of heat transfer depends on the evaporation rate, which in turn
depends on the humidity of the air and its temperature, which is why one sweats
more on hot, humid days.
 EVAPORATIVE COOLER DESIGNS

1. Direct Evaporative Cooling

(open circuit) is used to lower the temperature of air
by using latent heat of evaporation, changing water to
vapor. In this process, the energy in the air does not
change. Warm dry air is changed to cool moist air. Heat
in the air is used to evaporate water.
 Two-stage Evaporative Cooling, or Indirect-Direct
 Unfortunately, except for in very dry climates, traditional single stage coolers may
increase humidity to a level that makes occupants uncomfortable.
 Two-stage evaporative coolers do not produce humidity levels as high as that
produced by traditional single-stage evaporative coolers.
 In the first stage of a two-stage cooler, warm air is pre-cooled indirectly without
adding humidity (by passing inside a heat exchanger that is cooled by evaporation
on the outside).
 In the direct stage, the pre-cooled air passes through a water-soaked pad and picks
up humidity as it cools.
 Since the air supply is pre-cooled in the first stage, less humidity is needed in the
direct stage to reach the desired cooling temperatures.
 The result, according to manufacturers, is cooler air with a relative humidity
between 50 and 70 percent, depending on the climate, compared to a traditional
system that produces about 70-80 percent relative humidity air.
Cooler pads

• Traditionally, evaporative cooler pads consist

of excelsior (wood wool) inside a containment
net, but more modern materials, such as some
plastics and melamine paper, are beginning to
be used as cooler-pad media.
• Wood absorbs some of the water, which allows
the wood fibers to cool passing air to a lower
temperature than some synthetic materials.
• The thickness of the padding media plays a
large part in cooling efficiency, allowing
longer air contact.
Comparison to air conditioning
Advantages
 Less expensive to install
Estimated cost for installation is 1/8 to 1/2 that
of refrigerated air conditioning .
 Less expensive to operate
Estimated cost of operation is 1/4 that of refrigerated air.
Power consumption is limited to the fan and water pump vs. compressors,
pumps, and blowers.
 Ease of Maintenance
The only two mechanical parts in most basic evaporative coolers are the fan
motor and the water pump, both of which can be repaired for very little and
often by a mechanically able homeowner.
 Ventilation air
The constant and high volumetric flow rate of air through the building
reduces the age-of-air in the building dramatically. Evaporative cooling
increases humidity, which, in dry climates, may improve thermal comfort.
Disadvantages

• Performance
i). High temperature, high humidity outside conditions decrease the
cooling capability of the evaporative cooler.
ii). No dehumidification. Traditional air conditioners remove moisture
from the air, which is usually a design requirement except in very dry
locations. Evaporative cooling adds moisture, which, in dry climates,
may improve thermal comfort.

• Comfort
i). The air supplied by the evaporative cooler is typically 80–90% relative
humidity.
ii).Very humid air reduces the evaporation rate of moisture from the skin,
nose, lungs, and eyes.
iii.) High humidity in air accelerates corrosion. This can considerably
shorten the life of electronic and other equipment.
iv). High humidity in air may cause condensation. This can be a problem for
some situations (e.g., electrical equipment, computers, paper/books,
old wood).
How to get the best performance from a cooler
1).Opening windows
•To get the maximum possible performance from your
cooler, you need to set the correct amount of window
opening.
•An evaporative cooler blows air into the room, but you
have to let the air out, otherwise the fresh air won't be
able to get in.
•As an alternative a security relief grill could be installed
in the ceiling.
•The best amount and location of openings depends on the room arrangement and wind
direction. The openings should not face the wind.
•Normally a window open about 300 mm in each room should be adequate. (more in larger
rooms).

2).Adjusting the louvers

•The aim is to spread the cold air as widely and evenly as possible within the room.
•With the normal type of ceiling grille, the four or six segments can be rotated to direct air
where required.
•The louvers in the grille can be adjusted to direct the air down and to spread it out.
•Simply hold each blade and rotate to direct the air.
 NORMS:
According to National Building
Code
Ventilation and air conditioning installation shall aim at controlling and
optimizing factors in the building:

• Air purity and filtration

• Air movement
• Dry bulb temperature
• Relative humidity
• Noise and vibration
• Energy efficiency, and,
• Fire safety
Equipment room:
• This room shall be placed as centrally as possible.
• Should preferably located adjacent to external wall to facilitate the
movement and ventilation.
• Should be close to the main electricity panel of the building.
• Appropriate acoustic treatment should be considered.
• Exhaust air devices, preferably to leeward and overhead side may be
provided for effective movement of air.
• Movement space for personnel, entry and exit of the ducts, air intakes and
discharges, maintenance and service requirements should be kept in
mind.
• In case of a multi storied building the AHU’s should be provided at each
floor.
• Water proofing of the AHU’s should be done so as to prevent damage of
the other floors.
• Must be acoustically treated.
Cooling towers:
• The recommended floor area requirement for various types of
cooling tower are:

1. Natural draft cooling tower 0.15 to 0.20 sq.m/t of

refrigeration
2. Induced draft cooling tower 0.10 to 0.13 sq.m/t of
refrigeration
3. Fibre-reinforced plastic 0.07 to 0.08 sq.m/t of
refrigeration

• Any obstruction to the free flow of air to be avoided.

• Provision for make-up water tank should be made. This water tank should
be separate from the serving drinking water tank.
• The cooling tower should be so placed as to eliminate the nuisance from drift
to the adjoining structures.
Window AC:
CAPACITY
The capacity is rated at outside DBT of 35˚C and WBT of 30˚C and are suitable for
230 V, single phase 50 Hz power supply.

POWER CONSUMPTION
Power consumption of AC’s of 1TR (3500 W) rated capacity should not exceed 1.55
KW/TR.

NOISE LEVEL:
Should be as low as possible but should not exceed 65 dBA for 5250 W (1.5 TR).
Split AC:

CAPACITY
Indoor exposed units, 1 TR, 1.5 TR, 2 TR or two indoor units of 1TR or 1.5 TR
connected with one outdoor unit of 2 TR or 3 TR.
Furred-in units of capacities 1TR and 1.5 TR may be provided with one outdoor
unit or two outdoor units with two furred-in indoor units.
Ducted ac’s (ceiling suspended) of capacities 3 TR, 5 TR, 7.5 TR and 15 TR are
available and with scroll compressors are available in the capacities of 5.5 TR and
8.5 TR.
Packaged AC:
CAPACITY
Normally the available capacities are 5 TR, 7.5 TR, 10 TR and 15 TR, while those
with the scroll compressors go up to 16.6 TR
The following norms for Air Conditioning Plants are approved for adoption on
a Uniform basis in respect of all Electronic Switching including New
Technology Equipments

I. Temperature & Humidity

II. Fresh Air Requirement
III. Air Filteration
Requirement
IV. Air Static Pressure
V. Stand-by Requirements
I. Temperature & Humidity

The overall recommendations in the temperature and humidity shall be as

below:-
(i) Temperature below the rack of the Exchanges, wherever bottom feed is
stipulated
= 20 ± 2 ° C D.B.
Switch Room Temperature = 23 ± 3 ° C D.B.
Switch Room RH = 45 ± 15% (30 to 60%)

II. Fresh Air Requirement

System to be designed for maximum of one Air change per hour. But normal
operation shall be half air changes per hour with Adjustable Dampers.

III. Air Filteration Requirement

The fresh air and the Return air shall be filtered in two stages. Both shall be
provided with pre-filters having 90% efficiency down to 20 microns & fine
filters having an efficiency of 99.9% down to 5 Microns.

A sensor shall be provided across the fine filters to provide Audio & Video
Alarm on Clogging of Fine Filters.
IV. Air Static Pressure

The package units shall be designed for a total 50 mm static pressure.

V. Stand-by Requirements

Packaged A.C. Units may be installed in the following configuration irrespective

of the Type of Electronic Switching Equipment:
(a) N + 1 basis when N = 1 or 2.
(b) N + 2 basis when N = 3 or more.
THANK YOU