By Yohan, S.Si, M.

Si
*Semua bahan tersusun dari atom-atom yang
berisi nukleus proton and neutron dan
awan-awan elektron, atau orbit elektron.
*Atom-atom dapat mentransfer atau
memberikan electrons; olehkarena itu,
kumpulan atom-atom bersatu membentuk
molekul. Molekul merupakan sekumpulan
atom-atom dengan gaya tarik-menarik
(ikatan).

*
*
 *
1. Ikatan ionik-satu atau lebih elektron dari orbit terluar ditransfer
dari satu material ke material lain.(contoh Na+ dan Cl- dari
garam)
2. Ikatan kovalen- elektron dari orbit terluar dilepaskan oleh atom
untuk membentuk molekul (H20 /air). Bersifat konduktivitas
rendah dan ikatan kuat.
3. Ikatan logam- terdapatnya elektron-elektron yang dilepaskan
oleh seluruh atom yang saling berikatan. Hasil awan-awan
elektron memberikan gaya tarik untuk menyatukan atom-atom
dan pada umumnya menghasilkan termal dan konduktivitas
elektrik yang tinggi.
4. Gaya Van Der Waals merupakan interaksi lemah yang terjadi
antar molekul.
* Struktur kristal logamlogam- ketika logam
membentuk padatan dari bentuk lelehan,
atom-atom menyusun dirinya sendiri ke
dalam konfigurasi yang teratur yang disebut
dengan kristal.
1.Body-centered cubic (BCC) kurang padat
2.Face-centered cubic (FCC) lebih padat
3.Hexagonal close-packet (HCP) sangat padat
*
*
* α-Ferrit
* Merupakan kristal berbentuk BCC dan memiliki
sifat magnet (Feromagnetik)
* Tingkat kekerasan berdasarkan fasa logam baja
*
* Austenit
* Merupakan kristal logam berbentuk FCC (ɣ-Fe)
tidak bersifat magnetik.
*
*

Pada temperatur yang berbeda dengan logam

yang sama mungkin akan terjadi struktur yang
berbeda.
 * Jari- jari atom pada ikatan logam, kovalen, dan
ionik

Sumber :http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/metallic-radii
 * CONTOH SOAL
* Tembaga mempunyai jari-jari atom 0,128 nm,
mempunyai struktur FCC, dan massa atom 63,5
g/mol. Hitung densitas teoritisnya

Maka volume FCC

* Tembaga mempunyai jari-jari atom 0,128 nm,
mempunyai struktur FCC, dan berat atom 63,5
g/mol. Hitung densitas teoritisnya

* Solusi
* TUGAS
* Kromium mempunyai jari-jari atom 0,129 nm,
mempunyai struktur BCC, dan berat atom
51,99 g/mol. Hitung densitas teoritisnya.
* sebuah logam memiliki struktur kristal BCC ,
mempunyai konstanta kisi 3,31 Ao, dan densitas
16,6 g/cm3. tentukan massa atom unsur ini.
 *

- Fenomena jenis
struktur kristal
*Deformasi Elastik – merupakan
single kristal yang berhubungan
dengan gaya eksternal, tetapi
kembali ke bentuk awalnya ketika
gaya tersebut dilepaskan.
*Deformasi non elastik-deformasi
permanen ketika kristal tidak lagi
kembali ke bantuk awalnya
*
* Slipping satu bidang atom terhadap bidang yang
berdekatan bergeser akibat tegangan geser.
* Twinning- the second and less common mechanism
of plastic deformation where a portion of the crystal
forms a mirror image of itself across the plane of
twinning
* Definition: Anisotropy-a single crystal exhibits
different properties when tested in different
directions (ex. Woven cloth, plywood)

*
*
*Point defects-vacancy, missing atoms, interstitial atom extra atom
in the lattice or impurity foreign atom that has replaced the atom
of pure metal
*Linear defections called dislocations
*Planar imperfections such as grain boundaries and phase
boundaries
*Volume or bulk imperfections-voids, inclusions, other phases,
cracks

*
*

CACAT TITIK
Dislocations-defects in the orderly
arrangement of a metal’s atomic structure.
Because a slip plane containing a
dislocation requires less shear stress to
allow slip than does a plane in a perfect
lattice, dislocations are the most significant
defects that explain the discrepancy
between the actual and theoretical
strengths of metals.
*

CACAT BIDANG
*
*Dislocations can become entangled and interfere
with each other and be impeded by barriers such as
grain boundaries, impurities, and inclusions in the
material. The increased shear stress required to
overcome entanglements and impediments results
in an increase in overall strength and hardness of
the metal and is known as work hardening or strain
hardening. (Ex. Cold rolling, forging, drawing)

*
*When molten metal solidifies, crystals begin for
form independently of each other. They have
random and unrelated orientations. Each of these
crystals grows into a crystalline structure or GRAIN.
*The number and size of the grains developed in a
unit volume of the metal depends on the rate at
which NUCLEATION (the initial stage of crystal
formation) takes place

Is this what I
mean by grain? *
*
• Rapid cooling – smaller grains
• Slow cooling – larger grains
• Grain boundaries – the surfaces that separate
individual grains
• Grain size- at room temperature a large grain size is
generally associated with low strength, low
hardness, and low ductility (ductility is a solid
material's ability to deform under tensile stress)
• Grain size is measured by counting the number of
grains in a given area or by counting the number of
grains that intersect a length of line randomly drawn
on an enlarged photograph of the grains
*
* Cold working – a polycrystalline metal with uniform equiaxed grains is
subject to plastic deformation at room temperature.
* The grains become deformed and elongated.
* The deformed metal exhibits higher strength because of the
entanglement of dislocations with grain boundaries and with each
other.
* The higher the deformation, the stronger the metal becomes.
* Strength is higher for metals with small grains because they have
larger grain-boundary surface area per unit volume of metal hence
more entanglements of dislocations

*
*
*Metal properties are different
in the vertical direction from
those in the horizontal direction
*It influences both mechanical
and physical properties of
metals

*
*
*Annealing – heating metal to a
specific temperature range for
a given period of time

*
 New equiaxed and strain-free grains are formed
replacing the older grains. Between .3Tm and .5Tm
where Tm is melting point of the metal on the
absolute scale. Recrystallization temperature is
defined as the temperature at which complete
recrystallization occurs in approximately one hour.
o Decrease density of dislocations
o Lowers strength
o Raises ductility

*
 *temperature of metal
increases further, the grain size
grows and the size may exceed
the original grain size
We grow lots of grain in Indiana,
but this is not what is meant by
grain growth

*
*
*
*Cold working- plastic deformation at room
temperature
*Hot working – deformation occurs above
the recrystallization temperature
*Warm working is carried out at
intermediate temperatures, thus it is a
compromise between cold working and
hot working