CHAPTER 9

HYDRODYNAMICS
FORCE AGAINTS FIXED FLAT PLATES
If the plate is fixed, v₂ = 0 then the above equations becomes

where:
F = force in N
𝝆 = density of the fluid in kg/m³
Q = quantity of fluid deflected by the plate in m³/s
v₁ & v₂ = initial and final velocities in m/s
𝜸 = unit weight of the fluid in N/m³ or kN/m³
FORCE AGAINST FIXED CURVED VANES
FORCE AGAINST MOVING VANES
where:

v’ = velocity of the vane

u = relative velocity of the jet
Q’ = quantity of water deflected by the water
v₁ = absolute velocity of the jet before it strikes
the vane
v₂ = absolute velocity of the jet as it leaves the
vane
WORK DONE ON MOVING VANES
 The X and Y components of the force reaction on the bend can
be computed from the following formulas:

In Figure 9-3:
FORCES DEVELOPED ON CLOSED CONDUCTS

The dynamic force exerted by fluid on the bend is:

PRESSURE DRAG

The pressure drag (or form drag) depends largely on the form of the body.
It is the resultant of all the pressure forces exerted on the surface of the
body
FRICTION DRAG

The friction drag along a surface is the resultant of the shear

stress along the surface of the body in the direction of
motion.
The total drag force FD is then given as:
LIFT
Lift is the component of the resultant force exerted by a fluid on a body perpendicular to
the relative motion of the fluid. The equation is:
Where:

CD = drag coefficient(dimensionless)

CL = lift coefficient (dimensionless)

𝝆 = density of the fluid in kg/m³

𝜸 = weight density in N/m³

A = projected area (m2) of the body on a plane perpendicular (for

drag) or parallel (for lift) the relative motion of the fluid.

L = length of surface parallel to flow

v = relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the body in m/s

FD = drag force in newton

FL = lift in newton
DRAG AND LIFT COEFFICIENTS

For laminar flow at low Reynolds number, the

drag coefficient is given by:

For thin flat plates not normal to the relative velocity of the fluid,
the lift coefficient as given by Kutta is:
WATER HAMMER

Water hammer is the term used to express the resulting shock

(pressure rise) in a pipeline caused by the sudden decrease or
stoppage of the motion (rate of flow or velocity) of the fluid.

For rigid pipes:

For non-rigid pipes

The time for the pressure wane to travel from A to B and back again is
INSTANTANEOUS CLOSURE (tc = 0)
The resulting shock due to instantaneous closure is given
by :

RAPID CLOSURE (tc < 2L/c)

It is physically impossible for a valve to be closed instantaneously (tc=0).
For a rapid closure (tc < 2L/c) the maximum pressure near the valve would
still be
SLOW CLOSURE

For slow closure, the excess pressure produced decreased uniformly

from the valve to zero at the intake. The maximum water-hammer
pressure ph developed is given approximately by
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example #1 [ 9-5G].*

A small ingot and platform rest on a steady water jet as

shown. If the total weight supported is 950 N , what is the jet
velocity in m/s?
Solution:
F = ρ QV
F = W = 950 N

Q = AV
π
950 = 1000x (0.075)2 VxV
4
V2 = 215
V = 14.7 m/s
Example #2 [ 9-9G].*
A jet having a diameter of 50 mm and a velocity of 12 m/s is
deflected through an angle of 600 by a fixed curved vane.
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the force
exerted by the jet on the vane. Neglect friction.
Solution:
Q = A1v1
π 2 (12)
=4 (0.05)
Q = 0.0236 m3 /s

Fx = ρ Q(v1x – v2x)
= 1000(0.0236)(12-12cos 600
Fx = 142 N to the right

Fy = ρ Q(v1y – v2y)
= 1000(0.0236)(0 – sin 600 )
Fy = - 245 N or 245 N downwards
Example #3 [9-21G]*

A 45˚, 300mm x 200mm reducing bend in a level pipeline carries

water at the rate of 280 L/s. Determine the components of the force
necessary to hold the bend in position. The pressure at the entrance
is 345 kPa and the friction in the bend is negligible.
Solution:

V1 = Q/A
π
= 0.28/ (0.3)2
4
= 3.96 m/s

V1 2/ 2g = 0.8 m

π
V2 = 0.28/ (0.2)2
4
= 8.91 m/s

V2 2 / 2g = 4.05 m
Solve for p2 by writing the energy equation
between 1 and 2

E1 = E2
V1 2/ 2g + P1/ γ + z1 = V2 2/ 2g + P2/ γ + z2
0.8 + 345/9.81 = 4.05 + P2/9.81
p2 = 313.13 kPa

X-component
Σ Fx = Qγ/g (V2x - V1x )

F1x - F2x – Ry = Qγ/g (V2x - V1x )

y-component
Σ Fy = Qγ/g (V2y - V2y)

Ry - F2y = Qγ/g (V2y - V2y)

Ry – 9.84 sin45˚ =
0.28(9.81)/9.81 (8.91 sin45˚ - 0)

Ry = 8.72 kN upwards
F1 = p1A1
π
= 345 x (0.3)2
4
= 24.39 kN

F2 = p2 A2
π 2
= 313.13 x 0.2
4
= 9.84 kN

24.39 – 9.84 cos45˚ - Rx =

0.28(9.81)/9.81 (8.91 cos45˚ -
3.96)

Rx = 16.78 kN to the left

Example # 4 [9-27G]. *

The jets from a graden sprinkler are 1-inch in diameter and

are normal to the 2-feet radius as shown in the figure. The
pressure at the base of the nozzle is 60 psi. Neglect the velocity
head at the base of the nozzle. Use the coefficient of velocity Cv =
0.80 and coefficient of the contraction Cc = 1.00
(a) determine the velocity of flow of the jet in ft/sec
(b) determine the force exerted by the jet on the sprinkler.
(c) determine the force F applied on each sprinkler pipe 1
foot from the center (as shown) to maintain equilibrium.
Solution:

Energy equation between O and A neglecting losses:

(a) [Eo = EA]
V02 P0 VA2 P𝐴
+ + Z0 = + + ZA
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ
8640 VA2
0+ +0=( )+ 0 + 0
62.4 2𝑔
VA = 94.43 ft/ sec (theoretical velocity)
Actual velocity, V = Cv x VA = 0.80(94.43)
Actual velocity, V = 75.54 ft/sec

(b) Q = C AA VA
Q = (Cv x Cc) AA VA
π 1
Q = (1x0.8) ( )2 (94.43) = 0.412 ft3 /sec
4 12
Qγ 0.412(62.4)(75.54)
Dynamic force, FD = (v) =
g (32.2)
Dynamic force, FD = 60.31 lbs
(c) [∑M0 = 0] ; F(1) = FD (2)
F = (60.31x2) = 120.62 lbs
Example #5 [9-30G].

A submarine is running submegred in sea water (sp.gr. = 1.03

) at a speed of 24kph. The projected area normal to the direction of
motion being 6 square meters. If the drag coefficient is 0.10,
determine the drag force.

Solution:
v2
FD = C D γ A
2g
v = 24 kph / 3.6 = 6.667 m/s

6.6672
FD = 0.10( 9.81x1.03)(6)
2(9.81)
FD = 13.735 kPa
Example #6 [9-33G].

If the velocity of flow in a 600-mm-diameter cast

iron pipe ( E = 8.29 x 109 Pa) be changed in 0.25 second
from 0.6 m/s to 0 m/s by closing a valve 300 m from a
reservoir, what probable increase in pressure due to
water hammer will be expected close the valve? The
pipe wall is 20 mm thick.
Solution:
EB 9 Pa ( for water)
Celerity = E , where EB = 2.07x10
𝜌[1+ B(d/t)]
𝐸

2.07x109
c=
1000[1+ 2.07x109 (600/20)]
8.29x109
c = 493.75m/s

Time for the pressure wave to travel round trip:

Time, T = 2L / c
Time, T = 2(300) / 493.75 = 1.215 sec

Since the time of closure ( tc = 0.25 sec) less than T, it is rapid

closure, and the pressure increase is :
Ph = ρ c ∆v
Ph = 1000(493.75)(0.6 - 0 )
Ph = 296 250 Pa = 296.25 kPa