HYDROGEN

PEROXIDE
 OUTLINE
DEFINITION
STRUCTURE
SHIPPING NAMES/NUMBERS
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
USES/APPLICATIONS
 DEFINITION

Ubiquitous biological molecule

Its biological functions depend on its

concentration. Like an oxidizing agent, a disinfectant,
an explosive, an anti-microbial agent,
a cofactor, a human xenobiotic
Inorganic Peroxide metabolite, an apoptosis inducer,
a GABA antagonist, a neurotoxin, a
genotoxin, a biomarker, a
A member of reactive oxygen species
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite,
an Escherichia coli metabolite, a
mouse metabolite and a bleaching
It has many roles agent.Hydrogen
Peroxide
STRUCTURE

Consists of two
hydroxy groups
joined by a covalent
oxygen-oxygen single
bond.
 SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide,
aqueous solution with
not less than 20% but IMO 5.1
not more than 60%
hydrogen peroxide.
IMO (International
Maritime
Organization) 
stipulates international
rules for the safe
Oxidizing
transportation of
substances (agents)
dangerous materials
by yielding oxygen
by vessels on water.
increases the risk
and intensity of fire.
ADDITIONAL NOTES
IMO Classes:

Class 1: Explosives
Class 2: Gases
Class 3: Flammable Liquids
Class 4.1: Flammable solids or substances
Class 4.2: Flammable solids
Class 4.3: Substances which, in contact with
water emit flammable gasses
Class 5.1: Oxidizing substances (agents) by
yielding oxygen increase the risk and intensity of
fire
Class 5.2: Organic Peroxides – most will burn
rapidly and are sensitive to impact or friction.
Class 6.1: Toxic substances
Class 6.2: Infectious substances
Class 7: Radioactive Substances
Class 8: Corrosives
Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances
and articles
 SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous
UN 2984 solutions with not less than 8
percent but less than 20 percent
hydrogen peroxide.

UN (United Nation)
Numbers  four digit
numbers that identify
hazardous materials, and
articles in the framework of
international transport.
 SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide, stabilized or
Hydrogen peroxide aqueous
UN 2015 solutions, stabilized with more
than 60 percent hydrogen
peroxide.
 SHIPPING
NAMES/NUMBERS
Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous
UN 2014 solutions with not less than 20
percent but not more than 40
percent hydrogen peroxide.
 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
CAUTION:
A. HYDROGEN
* Vapors may irritate the eyes and mucous PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS
membranes. SOLUTION,
Colorless liquid STABILIZED, WITH
* Contact with most common metals and
their compounds may cause violent MORE THAN 60%
decomposition, especially in the higher HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
concentrations. (UN 2015)
*Contact with combustible materials may
result in spontaneous ignition.
CAUTION:
B. HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE, AQUEOUS Colorless *Vapors may irritate the eyes and
SOLUTION, WITH NOT mucous membranes.
Aqueous
LESS THAN 20% BUT *Under prolonged exposure to fire or
NOT MORE THAN 60% Solutionheat containers may violently rupture
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE due to decomposition.
(IMO 5.1)
 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

C. HYDROGEN
White Color PEROXIDE,
STABILIZED

NOTE:

*Has a slightly pungent, irritating odor. Crystalline at low

*Has many uses or applications (will be stated temperatures
later)
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

1. ODOR:
*Slightly sharp odor
*Sometimes have an odor
resembling that of ozone.

2. TASTE:
*Bitter
*Slightly acid
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

3. BOILING POINT: 4. MELTING POINT:

* 304 degree F at 760 *31.3 ° F (NTP, 1992)

mmHg (NTP, 1992)
*306 degree F at 760
mmHg
*258 degree F for
concentrations greater than
52% (EPA, 1998)
*150.2 degree C
*141 degree C for 90%
*31 to 40 ° F for
concentrations greater than
52% (EPA, 1998)
*-11 °C (90%),
*-39 °C (70%); -0.43
degree C (pure hydrogen
peroxide).
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
5. DENSITY:

*1.463 g/cc at 32 ° F
*1.29/1.3 at 68F for concentrations greater than 52% (EPA,
1998)
*1.11 g/cc at 68 ° F (NTP, 1992)
*1.44 g/cc at 25 deg C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.4 g/cc (90%).

7. VAPOR PRESSURE:
6. VAPOR DENSITY:

*1.02 g/cc calculated *1 mm Hg at 59.5 ° F (NTP, 1992)

(EPA, 1998)
*(Relative to Air); Relative vapor
density (air = 1): 1 g/cc.
*1 mm Hg at 59.54 ° F (EPA, 1998)
*1.97 mm Hg at 25 deg C
*Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.2
(90%)
*5 mmHg at 86°F (pure).
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
8. STABILITY/SHELF
LIFE:

*Stable under recommended storage

conditions. /Hydrogen peroxide solution
(>/= 30% to <50%)/
*Solutions of hydrogen peroxide
gradually deteriorate and are usually
stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or
similar organic materials
*Hydrogen peroxide topical solution
deteriorates upon standing or upon
repeated agitation, undergoes accelerated
decomposition when exposed to light or
when in contact with many oxidizing or
reducing substances, and decomposes
suddenly when heated;
*pure hydrogen peroxide solutions,
completely free from contamination, are
highly stable; a low percentage of an
inhibitor such as acetanilide or sodium
stannate is usually added to counteract the
catalytic effect of traces of impurities such
as iron, copper, and other heavy metals
* A relatively stable sample of hydrogen
peroxide typically decomposes at the rate
of approximately 0.5% per year at room
temperature.
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
9. SOLUBILITY:
*Greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72°
F (NTP, 1992)
*Miscible (NIOSH, 2016)
*Soluble in cold water
*In water, 1 x 106 mgL at 25 deg C
*Very soluble in water
*Miscible with water
10. AUTO IGNITION *Soluble in ether, insoluble in petroleum
TEMPERATURE: ether.
*Soluble in alcohol:
*Hydrogen peroxide and highly
*Not flammable. (USCG, concentrated aqueous solutions (>65 wt%)
1999). (Unless it yields are soluble in a variety of organic solvents
oxygen) such as carboxylic esters.
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
11. VISCOSITY:

*1.819 cP at 0 deg C
*1.249 cP at 20 deg C

12. CORROSIVITY:

*Corrosive
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

13. HEAT OF VAPORAZATION:

*1519 J-g/K at 25 deg C

14. pH:

*Weak acid; H2O2 concn wt% = 35,

50, 70, 90; corresponding true pH:
4.6, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
15. DECOMPOSITION:
* Decomposed by many organic solvents
* Decomposed into water and oxygen by
many organic solvents
*May decompose violently if traces of
impurities are present

CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION
15. DECOMPOSITION:
*Rapidly decomposed by alkalies, finely
divided metals
*Agitation or contact with rough surfaces,
metals or many other substances accelerates
decomposition.
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

15. DECOMPOSITION:
*When the compound is inhibited, the
decomposition occurs at a slow rate.
*Increasing the temperature also increases
the rate of the decomposition.

15. DECOMPOSITION:
*High-strength hydrogen peroxide is a very
high-energy material. When it decomposes
to oxygen and water, large amounts of heat
are liberated, leading to an increased rate of
decomposition.
 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION

Hydrogen peroxide is formed in

human and animals as a short-lived
product in biochemical processes
and is toxic to cells.

SOD (SUPEROXIDE
DISMUTASE)
source/origin of hydrogen
peroxide
 developed in nearly all living
cells as an
important antioxidant agent
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Another source of hydrogen peroxide:
Degradation of adenosine monophosphate
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Another source of hydrogen peroxide:
Degradation of guanosine monophosphate
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Another source of hydrogen peroxide:
Eggs of sea urchin

 Shortly after fertilization

by a sperm, produce
hydrogen peroxide which is
quickly dissociated to
OH· radicals.
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Another source of hydrogen peroxide:
Bombardier Beetle

The beetle produces and

stores hydroquinone and
hydrogen peroxide, in two
separate reservoirs in the
rear tip of its abdomen.
 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
To evaluate the amount of hydrogen peroxide in biological
system:
Fluorometric Assay
 METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
1. ANTHRAQUINONE AUTO-OXIDATION (AO) PROCESS
2-alkyl-9,10-anthraquinones react
with hydrogen in the presence of a
catalyst to form the corresponding
hydroquinones..
After the catalyst is removed
(otherwise, the hydrogen peroxide
would decompose), the
hydroquinones are oxidized to
quinones with oxygen (usually air)
with simultaneous quantitative
formation of hydrogen peroxide:
Hydrogen peroxide is
extracted with water,
and the quinones are
returned to the
hydrogenator to
complete the loop.
 METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
1.
2. PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY
TREATMENT OF BARIUM PEROXIDE WITH ACIDS.

L.J Thenard gave birth to the first commercial

manufacture of aqueous hydrogen peroxide.

Reacted barium
Reacted barium
peroxide with Reacted barium
peroxide with
hydrochloric peroxide with
nitric acid
acid where sulfuric acid
producing a low
hydrogen producing
concentration of
peroxide is barium sulfate
aqueous
formed in and hydrogen
hydrogen
conjunction with peroxide.
peroxide
barium chloride
BaO2 + 2HCl  BaCl2 + H2O2

BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + 2HCl Can be The barium chloride is

significantly subsequently removed
BaO2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + H2O2 improved by by precipitation with
using HCL sulfuric acid
 METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
Feed stock is 90% H2O2.
3. PRODUCTION OF ANHYDROUS In the HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
process, a solid phase BY
of progressively
CONTINOUS FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
higher hydrogen content moves in one
direction through the apparatus, while the
First introduced by Becco Chemical division ofpoorer
liquid progressively FoodinMachinery
H2O2 moves and
Chemical which was covered by G. G.inCrewson anddirection.
the opposite J. R. Ryan in 1955.

The fractional
crystallization process
operates best to yield
hydrogen peroxide of
more than 90% hydrogen
peroxide, which can be
diluted to any desired. It
also rejects most of the
impurity
 METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
4. AUTO-OXIDATION OF AN ALKYL-ANTHRAHYDROQUINONE IN
A CYCLIC CONTINOUS PROCESS

This process was developed during the

1930s by the German chemical
manufacturer IG
Farben in Ludwigshafen.

This method is the most widely

used .

Similar with the first introduced

The simplified overall equation for the method.
process is simple:

H2 + O2 = H2O2
 METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
5. ELECTROLYSIS OF A SOLUTION OF OF AMMONIUM BISULFATE
IN SULFURIC ACID

BASIC EQUATIONS:
ELECTROLYSIS
2 NH4HSO4  (NH4)2S2O8 + H2
HYDROLYSIS
(NH4)2S2O8  2 NH4HSO4 + H2O2

The formation of hydrogen peroxide in the electrolysis of

sulfuric acid was first reported in 1853; later developments
made the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide by an electrolytic
process possible in 1908.
 METHODS OF
MANUFACTURING
6. OXIDATION OF ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

BASIC EQUATION:

(CH3)2CHOH +O2  (CH3)2CO + H2O2

USES/APPLICATIONS

1. BLEACHING:
About 60% of the world's
production of hydrogen peroxide is
used for pulp- and paper-bleaching.
 USES/APPLICATIONS

2. DETERGENTS:

The second major industrial

application of H2O2 is the
manufacture of sodium
percarbonate which is used as mild
bleach in laundry detergents.

*Sodium percarbonate
is the active ingredient BASIC EQUATION:
in such products 2 Na2CO3 + 3 H2O2  2Na2CO3 * 3 H2O2
as Oxi-Clean and Tide
laundry detergent.
 USES/APPLICATIONS
Dibenzoyl peroxide
3. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS:
*It is used in the production of various organic
peroxides.
*Hydrogen peroxide has been used for
creating organic peroxide-based explosives,
such as acetone peroxide.

Can be used
in polymerisations, as
a flour bleaching
agent and as a treatment
for acne.

Acetone peroxide explosion montage

 USES/APPLICATIONS

4. REFINERY
WASTEWATER
OXIDIZER TREATMENT:

Hydrogen peroxide is one of the

most versatile, dependable and
environmentally compatible
oxidizing agents. The relative safety
and simplicity of hydrogen peroxide
as an oxidizing agent has led to the
Hydrogen peroxide and refinery
development of a number of
wastewater – USP technologies
applications in refinery wastewater
systems.
 USES/APPLICATIONS
4.1. APPLICATIONS IN REFINERY WASTEWATER
SYSTEM:

A. “UNCATALYZED “ HYDROGEN PEROXIDES:

*Suitable for the destruction of a variety of pollutants.
*Optimization of conditions using H2O2 to destroy these
pollutants can involve control of pH, temperature and reaction time.
*No additional additives are required.

B. “CATALYZED “ HYDROGEN PEROXIDES:

*Pollutants that are more difficult to oxidize require H2O2
to be activated with catalysts such as iron.(Catalyzed oxidation can also be
used to destroy easily oxidized pollutants more rapidly.)
*Under acid pH conditions, the addition of iron salts to a
wastewater solution activates H2O2 to generate free radicals, which can
attack a variety of organic compounds.
*Other metal salts and conditions can apply
 USES/APPLICATIONS
4.1. APPLICATIONS IN REFINERY WASTEWATER
SYSTEM:

*In biologically active wastewater,

C. TOXICITY REDUCTION:
hydrogen peroxide will toxic
*Many readilyorganic compounds can be converted to less toxic
*Hydrogen peroxide can reduce
decompose compounds
to water and oxygen
when treated with hydrogen peroxide.
BOD/COD/TOC by direct oxidation
*The release of oxygen will assist in
*In many cases, the partial oxidation of these
(either compounds
complete or partial) of wastewater
BOD reduction by allowing the aerobic
improves their biodegradability.
bacteria to function more efficiently.
components.
. *Hydrogen peroxide can reduce
*This mechanism is especially
BOD/COD/TOC by direct oxidation
important in cases where an oxygen
D. BOD/COD/TOC REDUCTION: (either complete or partial) of wastewater
deficiency exists due to high
Hydrogen peroxide will reduce BOD/COD/TOC
BOD/COD/TOC loadings and/or
in a wide
components.
range of wastewaters. This reduction can be achieved by two
insufficient aeration.
mechanisms:
*DIRECT OXIDATION
*OXYGEN SOURCE
.
 USES/APPLICATIONS

5.ROCKET PROPULSION:

A certain kind of hydrogen

peroxide: (90%. Stabilize) either
as a monopropellant (not mixed
with fuel) or as the oxidizer
component of a bipropellant
rocket.
Rocket-belt hydrogen-
peroxide propulsion system
used in a jet pack
 USES/APPLICATIONS
Hydrogen peroxide can be used for
Historically hydrogen peroxide was used the sterilization of various
for disinfecting wounds, partly because surfaces,peroxide
including surgical
Hydrogen is seen as an tools and
of its low cost and prompt availability may be deployed
environmentally as a vapour (VHP)
safe alternative
6. DISINFECTANT
compared to other antiseptics. It is now to chlorine-based bleaches, as it degrades
for room
thought to inhibit healing and to to form oxygen andHwater
sterilization. and it
2O2demonstrates
induce scarring because it destroys is generally recognized efficacy
broad-spectrum as safe asagainst
newly formed skin cells. an antimicrobial agent by the U.S. Food
viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and bacterial
and Drug Administration (FDA).
spores.
 USES/APPLICATIONS
7. FISH AERATION

According to fish culturists

common household hydrogen
peroxide can be used safely to
provide oxygen for small fish.
The hydrogen peroxide releases
oxygen by decomposition when
it is exposed to catalysts such
as manganese dioxide.