371804

CHAPTER
15 Refrigeration Flow
Control
Instructor Name: (Your Name)
Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Learning Objectives
 Describe the purpose of refrigerant cycle
control devices
 Explain the operation of the three-way valve in
the cooling cycle
 Explain the operation of the three-way valve in
the heating cycle
 Explain the purpose of the pilot solenoid
 Describe the purpose of the condenser pressure
bypass valve
Learning Objectives (continued)
 Explain the purpose of a check valve

 Explain the cool/heat/defrost cycle of a three-
way valve refrigeration system
 Explain the cool/heat/defrost cycle of a
solenoid control refrigeration system
 Explain the cool/heat/defrost cycle of a four-
way reversing valve refrigeration system

Three-Way Valve Refrigeration
System

Three-Way Valves
 Located in discharge line downstream from
vibrasorber
 In cool operation, directs refrigerant into
condenser
 In heat/defrost mode hot gas is directed to the
evaporator
 Three-way valve is controlled by the pilot
solenoid, an electrically operated valve used
only during the heat or defrost mode
Three-Way Valve Operation
 Operates on principles of spring pressure and
differential refrigerant pressure
 In cool mode valve is spring holds spool valve
against back side of valve
 Spool valve seat blocks flow to the evaporator
leaving the condenser side open
 Pilot solenoid is de-energized blocking three-way
valve end cap from suction side of compressor
 High-pressure hot gas from compressor flows
through bleed passage to both sides of the spool
valve equalizing the pressure
Three-Way Valve Operation
(continued)
 In heat/defrost mode pilot solenoid is energized and
opens right side of spool valve piston to suction side
of system
 Refrigerant from the bleed passage is drawn into the
suction side of the compressor
 Discharge pressure on left side of spool valve piston
overcomes the spring pressure and suction pressure
on right side of spool valve piston, piston shifts to the
right
 Spool valve blocks flow of refrigerant to condenser
and path to evaporator
Solenoid Valve

Three-Way Valves
Three-Way Valve Three-Way Valve Heat

Cool Mode Defrost Mode

Check Valves
 Used by most manufactures of refrigeration
equipment
 Allows refrigerant flow in one direction but stops
in the opposite direction
 Two styles used, serviceable and non-serviceable
 Serviceable type use a removable cap for access
to the seal and spring
 Serviceable type usually made of brass
 Non-serviceable are inline used to minimize leaks

Check Valves
Serviceable Check Valve Non-Serviceable Check Valve

Refrigerant Flow Three-Way Valve
System (Thermo King Units)
Cooling Cycle
 Hot gas leaves compressor through vibrasorber the
discharge service valve
 Hot gas flows through three-way valve to the
condenser
 As super heated gas flows through the condenser it
changes states to a sub cooled liquid
 Sub cooled liquid flows through the check valve
 Liquid is stored in the receiver

 Refrigerant flows through liquid line to the filter
dryer
 Refrigerant flow through the heat exchanger
where it gives up heat to cold suction line
 Liquid then passes through the TXV where is
metered through the distributor tubes to the
evaporator
 The pressure drop across the TXV causes the
refrigerant to boil and absorb heat from the
controlled space

 Cold refrigerant passes through heat exchanger
and absorbs more heat
 Refrigerant then passes through receiver, liquid is
separated before suction vibrasorber and service
valves and through suction throttling valve
 Last refrigerant passes through compressor to
start cycle over

Three-Way Valve System Operating
in Cool Mode

Heat Cycle
 Hot gas leaves compressor through vibrasorber the
discharge service valve
 Hot gas moves through the discharge vibrasorber and
three-way valve
 Pilot solenoid is energized, three-way valve is shifted
to the heat position stopping flow to condenser and
opening flow to drip pan and evaporator
 Heat from evaporator is blow into cargo space
heating the controlled space

 If in the defrost mode a damper door solenoid is
energized blocking off air flow to controlled space.
Ice melts and coil dries but controlled space stays
cool.
 Cool vapor along with some liquid pass through to
the heat exchanger to accumulator. Liquid is
separated and vapor returns to compressor.
 The accumulator may be heated to aid in vaporization
liquid refrigerant.

 High pressure refrigerant is teed off at the drip pan to
the bass pass check valve at the receiver tank
 The condenser check valve is held closed blocking
the condenser, refrigerant in the receiver can only exit
through the tank outlet valve
 Liquid refrigerate passes through the drier and passes
through a notch in seat or internal orifice of TXV
 Refrigerant mixes with hot gas in distributor
 Refrigerant once trapped in receiver is now used in
heat defrost cycle allowing compressor to achieve
higher pressures thereby more heat
Three-Way Valve System Operating
in Heat Mode

Defrost Cycle
 Flow in defrost cycle is identical to heat cycle
 In defrost cycle air is not cycled through the loaded area
 Closing damper door traps heat in evaporator
compartment
 Heat builds up melting ice, water drips into defrost pans
to a pair of drain tubes
 When trailer box temperatures become very low, melted
water can freeze in pan
 Defrost pan heaters are coils that hot gas pass through to
defrost the drip pans
 Most units will not defrost until evaporator reaches 45
degrees F and will terminate at 55 degrees F
NOTE
It is harmful to the cargo to have warm air circulated
through temperature sensitive products that are
required to keep frozen or refrigerated. For this
reason, if a problem is detected with the defroster
door (not closing), it must be replaced immediately
because the unit will not come out of heat/defrost
cycle until the whole trailer has warmed up far above
the set point.

Operation of Solenoid Control
System (Carrier)
Cool Mode
 In cool mode, SV3 and SV4 are closed, SV1 and SV2
are open
 Refrigerant flows from compressor through discharge
check valve to condenser, changes state from gas to
liquid
 Liquid passes through SV1 which is normally open
 Liquid then flow through the receiver where excess
liquid is stored
 Liquid then flows out king valve and into the sub-
cooler which is another portion of the condenser
System (Carrier)
 Exiting the sub-cooler refrigerant pass through the
dryer and SV2, which is normally closed
 Refrigerant flows through the TXV which meters
flow to controls a constant superheat at evaporator
outlet
 The pressure drop caused by the TXV causes the
refrigerant to boil in the evaporator and absorb heat
from the controlled space
 Quench valve, a small TXV senses the compressor
discharge, if unsafe pressures are sensed it will allow
small amounts of liquid refrigerant into suction line,
it boils off in pressure drop and cools the compressor
Solenoid Controlled System
Operating in Cool Mode

System (Carrier)
Heating Cycle
 Hot vapor leaves compressor through discharge
service valves, discharge vibrasorber through
discharge check valve
 Refrigerant flows to SV3 and SV4, these valves are
initially closed when placed in heat mode
 SV4 will energize and allow refrigerant to pass
 60 seconds after SV4 is energized if temperature and
pressure requirements are met SV3 will be energized

System (Carrier)
 Once SV3 and SV4 open hot gas will flow directly into
the evaporator
 SV1, normally open, will energize and close stopping
refrigerant flow through the condenser
 Hot gas flows through the bypass check valve filling the
receiver, subcooler, filter dryer and is stopped at SV2
 SV2 is normally closed and is controlled by HP2 When
in heat/defrost mode
 SV2 is cycled open and closed by HP2 to allow
refrigerant to flow to the evaporator

System (Carrier)
 Excess refrigerant trapped in receiver is needed for
heat/defrost cycle
 Teed into TXV feed line is a quench valve
 Quench valve, a small TXV senses the compressor
discharge, if unsafe pressures are sensed it will allow
small amounts of liquid refrigerant into suction line,
it boils off in pressure drop and cools the compressor
 The superheated refrigerant that get gets past SV3
and SV4 enter the evaporator and transfer heat to the
evaporator coils to heat the cargo space

System (Carrier)
 The transfer of heat from refrigerant and suction of
compressor cause the pressure to drop with a
corresponding drop in the boiling temperature of the
refrigerant
 Because of the drop in pressure the refrigerant does
not condense
 Refrigerant leaves the evaporator and enters suction
line, through the suction vibrasorber and into the
suction side of compressor
 The cycle then repeats itself

Solenoid Controlled System
Operating in Heat/Defrost Mode

Four way Valve Operation Cooling
Cycle
 Refrigerant leaves compressor through service valve
and vibrasorber and flows to the four-way valve
 Pilot solenoid (cool) is energized opening a passage o
the suction side
 Differential pressure causes valve to shift left opening
passage to the condenser side of four way valve
 Refrigerant enters the condenser to give up heat to
ambient air
 Refrigerant the flow to the drier, heat exchanger and
liquid line check valve

Four way Valve Operation Cooling
Cycle
 Refrigerant then enters the TXV, distributor tubes and
metered into the evaporator
 The pressure causes refrigerate to boil and absorb
heat in the cargo space
 Refrigerant passes through heat exchanger, four-way
valve then enters the accumulator
 Refrigerant exits the accumulator and return to the
compressor through the suction line and suction
vibrasorber
 A check valve with orifice prevent refrigerant from
entering the drip tray during a cool cycle
Four-Way Operation Cool Cycle

Four-Way Operation Heat Cycle
 In heat cycle four-way reversing valve is shifted
to change operation of the evaporator and
condenser
 The condenser becomes the evaporator absorbing
heat from ambient air
 In cold environments shutters may have to be held
shut in order to boil refrigerant
 Super-heated refrigerant leaves compressor
through discharge service valve and discharge
vibrasorber to four-way
• Pilot solenoid (heat) is energized opening passage to
suction side of compressor
• Differential pressure case valve to shift right opening
passage to evaporator
• Refrigerant flows through heat exchanger then into
the evaporator which is now acting as a condenser
• Heat is given up to air passing through evaporator
coil
• Some of the refrigerant passes through the drip pan,
the check valve, and orifice, entering condenser as a
low-pressure saturated mixture
 A check valve in the cool line prevents refrigerant
through heat exchanger and dryer
 Liquid refrigerant passes through expansion valve
(heat) at inlet of condenser, through the check
valve, then enters the condenser
 The refrigerant changes state by absorbing heat
from ambient air
 The low pressure vapor return to four-way valve,
through accumulator and back to suction side of
compressor

Summary
 Refrigerant control valves are used to control the
refrigerant units mode of operation from cool to
heat/defrost mode by directing the flow of
superheated refrigerant
 When the three-way valve is in the cool cycle, it
directs the flow of refrigerant into the condenser
 When the three-way valve is in the heat cycle, it
directs the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator
 The function of the condenser pressure bypass valve
is to ensure condenser pressure does not exceed the
discharge pressure, enabling the three-way valve to
shift from heat to cool cycle

Summary (continued)
 Check valves are used in the refrigeration system
to allow refrigerant flow in one direction and stop
it in the other direction
 The solenoid control system uses three or four
liquid and vapor line solenoids to control the flow
of refrigerant for heat, cool, and defrost cycles
 The four-way valves completely change the
direction of refrigerant flow in the heat/defrost
mode by turning the evaporator into the condenser
and the condenser into the evaporator
Summary (continued)
 The four-way valve system requires two TXV

valves due to the changing of the normal
condenser to an evaporator during heat/defrost
cycle
 The flow of the refrigerant in the defrost cycle is
identical to that of the unit’s heating cycle,
regardless of manufacturer. All units also use
some means of stopping the air flow through the
cargo space in the defrost mode

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CHAPTER

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

 Explain the purpose of a check valve

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Three-Way Valve Three-Way Valve Heat

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Serviceable Check Valve Non-Serviceable Check Valve

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

 The four-way valve system requires two TXV

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

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