VERBAL AND CRITICAL READING

ANALOGY
1. Today Wegener's theory is ____ ; however, he died
an outsider treated with ____ by the scientific
establishment.
A. unsupported - approval
B. dismissed - contempt
C. accepted - approbation
D. unchallenged - disdain
E. unrivalled - reverence
ANALOGY
1. Today Wegener's theory is ____ ; however, he died
an outsider treated with ____ by the scientific
establishment.
A. unsupported - approval
B. dismissed - contempt
C. accepted - approbation
D. unchallenged - disdain
E. unrivalled - reverence
Sentence Completion

Strategies :
1. Proactive Solving
2. Context Clues
3. Right part of speech
Strategy 1 : Proactive Solving
 Proactive Solving

The revolution in art has not lost its steam; it ____ on

as fiercely as ever.

Vocabulary :
A. trudges
1. trudge – to follow
B. meanders 2. meander – to wander
C. edges 3. edge – to border
D. ambles 4. amble - stroll
E. rages
Strategy 1 : Proactive Solving
 Proactive Solving

In the Middle Ages, the ____ of the great cathedrals did

not enter into the architects' plans; almost invariably a
cathedral was positioned haphazardly in ____
surroundings.
Vocabulary :
A. situation - incongruous 1. incongruous - not matching, odd
B. location - apt 2. apt - suitable
3. ambience - atmosphere
C. ambience - salubrious 4. grandiose - on a grand scale
D. durability - convenient
E. majesty - grandiose
Strategy 2 : Context Clues
 Finding Signpost words
a. Support signs
1. ____ by nature, Jones spoke very little even to his own
family members.

A. garrulous Vocabulary :
1. garrulous – talkative
B. equivocal 2. equivocal – ambiguous
C. taciturn 3. gregarious – sociable
D. arrogant
E. gregarious
Strategy 2 : Context Clues
 Finding Signpost words
Contrast signs
 The two artists differed markedly in their temperaments;
Palmer was reserved and courteous, Frazer ____ and
boastful.
A. phlegmatic
B. choleric Vocabulary :
1. phlegmatic - calm,
C. constrained
2. constrained – restrained
D. tractable 3. tractable – easily lead
E. stoic 4. stoic – having fortitude
Strategy 2 : Context Clues
 Sentence Structures
a. Cause and effect

_________ the alarm was not set, we were late for work.

A. Even though
B. However
C. Because
D. Though
E. Nonetheless
Strategy 2 : Context Clues
 Sentence Structures

, : ;
a. Restatements and Definitions

Adding of concepts

The senator was committed to the interests of her

______, the voters in her own state.
A. participants
B. supporters
C. constituents
D. plebeian
Strategy 3 : Right Part of Speech

1. One critic asserts that modern urban architecture

causes sensory deprivation because it fails to provide
visual and tactile ______.
a. latent
b. stimulation
c. complacence
d. confuse
e. extent
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
 Overview

 True – The statement follows logically from the

information or opinions contained in the passage.
 False – The statement is logically false from the
information or opinions contained in the passage.
 Cannot Say – Cannot determine whether the statement
is true or false without further information.
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
 Overview
 True – The statement follows logically from the information or opinions
contained in the passage.
 False – The statement is logically false from the information or opinions
contained in the passage.
 Cannot Say – Cannot determine whether the statement is true or false
without further information.
Alternatively, the answers may follow the true, false, cannot say format, but be
phrased slightly different, such as the answers below:
 The statement is DEFINITELY TRUE, or would be a reasonable
conclusion to draw from the passage.
 The statement is DEFINITELY UNTRUE, or would not be a reasonable
conclusion to draw.
 I have INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION to answer either of the above
with any certainty.
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP

Many retailers find it useful to employ temporary workers in the run up to

Christmas. This ensures that they have enough employees in the shops to
cover the very busy Christmas shopping period. Using temporary workers is a
cost effective way of meeting seasonal demand as temporary workers are
usually paid on a fixed rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays.
However, one challenge of using temporary workers is ensuring that all staff
provide adequate levels of customer care and customer complaints tend to
increase in the Christmas shopping period.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: Temporary workers are given the same entitlement to paid

holidays as permanent staff.

Answer : False
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP

Many retailers find it useful to employ temporary workers in the run up to

Christmas. This ensures that they have enough employees in the shops to
cover the very busy Christmas shopping period. Using temporary workers is a
cost effective way of meeting seasonal demand as temporary workers are
usually paid on a fixed rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays.
However, one challenge of using temporary workers is ensuring that all staff
provide adequate levels of customer care and customer complaints tend to
increase in the Christmas shopping period.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: Retailers find the Christmas shopping period particular busy.

Answer : True
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP

Many retailers find it useful to employ temporary workers in the run up to

Christmas. This ensures that they have enough employees in the shops to
cover the very busy Christmas shopping period. Using temporary workers is a
cost effective way of meeting seasonal demand as temporary workers are
usually paid on a fixed rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays.
However, one challenge of using temporary workers is ensuring that all staff
provide adequate levels of customer care and customer complaints tend to
increase in the Christmas shopping period.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: Temporary workers are provided with customer care training

before they start work.

Answer : Cannot say.

TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP

Many retailers find it useful to employ temporary workers in the run up to

Christmas. This ensures that they have enough employees in the shops to
cover the very busy Christmas shopping period. Using temporary workers is a
cost effective way of meeting seasonal demand as temporary workers are
usually paid on a fixed rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays.
However, one challenge of using temporary workers is ensuring that all staff
provide adequate levels of customer care and customer complaints tend to
increase in the Christmas shopping period.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: Customer complaints increase during the Christmas shopping

period because of the temporary workers.

Answer : Cannot say.

TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
Climate change is undoubtedly the biggest threat facing the planet and the
potential impact in human terms could be catastrophic. Many low lying coastal
areas may become completely submerged leading to human migration and
suffering on a scale never seen before. Drinking water is likely to become
increasingly scarce and conflict for control of water resources is anticipated.
There is no longer any question that climate change is created by human
activities and it is through human endeavour we must combat it. We must
reduce our dependence on carbon emitting fossil fuels and promote clean
renewable energy, and we must be willing to support and nurture energy
efficient new technologies. Technology, like low energy lighting, holds the key to
reducing greenhouse gases without adversely impacting our quality of life now
or in the future.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: Whether or not steps are taken to combat climate change,
standard of living will deteriorate.
Answer : False.
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
Climate change is undoubtedly the biggest threat facing the planet and the
potential impact in human terms could be catastrophic. Many low lying coastal
areas may become completely submerged leading to human migration and
suffering on a scale never seen before. Drinking water is likely to become
increasingly scarce and conflict for control of water resources is anticipated.
There is no longer any question that climate change is created by human
activities and it is through human endeavour we must combat it. We must
reduce our dependence on carbon emitting fossil fuels and promote clean
renewable energy, and we must be willing to support and nurture energy
efficient new technologies. Technology, like low energy lighting, holds the key to
reducing greenhouse gases without adversely impacting our quality of life now
or in the future.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: Unchecked climate change is likely to lead to humanitarian crises.

Answer : True.
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
Climate change is undoubtedly the biggest threat facing the planet and the
potential impact in human terms could be catastrophic. Many low lying coastal
areas may become completely submerged leading to human migration and
suffering on a scale never seen before. Drinking water is likely to become
increasingly scarce and conflict for control of water resources is anticipated.
There is no longer any question that climate change is created by human
activities and it is through human endeavour we must combat it. We must
reduce our dependence on carbon emitting fossil fuels and promote clean
renewable energy, and we must be willing to support and nurture energy
efficient new technologies. Technology, like low energy lighting, holds the key to
reducing greenhouse gases without adversely impacting our quality of life now
or in the future.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: The causes of climate change are complex and unclear.

Answer : False.
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
Climate change is undoubtedly the biggest threat facing the planet and the
potential impact in human terms could be catastrophic. Many low lying coastal
areas may become completely submerged leading to human migration and
suffering on a scale never seen before. Drinking water is likely to become
increasingly scarce and conflict for control of water resources is anticipated.
There is no longer any question that climate change is created by human
activities and it is through human endeavour we must combat it. We must
reduce our dependence on carbon emitting fossil fuels and promote clean
renewable energy, and we must be willing to support and nurture energy
efficient new technologies. Technology, like low energy lighting, holds the key to
reducing greenhouse gases without adversely impacting our quality of life now
or in the future.

Which of the Following Statements Are True?

Statement: The impacts of climate change are likely to disproportionately
affect poorer areas of the world.
Answer : Cannot say.
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
If there are no dancers that aren’t slim and no
singers that aren’t dancers, then which
statements are always true?
a. There is not one slim person that isn't a dancer
b. All singers are slim
c. Anybody slim is also a singer
d. None of the above
TRUE or FALSE RELATIONSHIP
All Germans speak Italian. All Italian speakers ride bicycles.
Which of the following statements must be true?

a. All Italians speak German.

b. All bicycle riders are German.
c. All Germans ride bicycles.
d. Some Italians riding bicycles are Germans.
CRITICAL READING SKILLS

 Summarizing
 Inferring
 Drawing Conclusions
 Extracting Meanings
CRITICAL READING SKILLS

 Find the lead statement.

 Skim for the answers.
 Avoid regress reading.
 Find the clues / guide found in the
questions.
 Match synonymous expressions found in
the question to the reading text.
 Extracting Meanings
CRITICAL READING
Coca-Cola Co. KO -8.44% reported slightly stronger-than-expected revenue for
its latest quarter, boosted by demand for tea, coffee, water and sports drinks,
but the beverage company expects sales will slow down this year.

Tea and coffee sales margin volume rose 3% in the quarter, driven by the
growth of Fuze Tea in Europe and a new line of ready-to-drink coffee in Japan.
Water, enhanced water and sports drinks increased 1%. Soda declined 1%,
while juice, dairy and plant-based beverages declined 2%.

In the quarter, North America soda sales volume took a 1% hit from price
increases, despite higher demand for Coca-Cola Zero Sugar and Sprite. The
company has been focusing on higher margins over volume gains.

Soda sales have been sliding for much of the past decade as consumers have
turned to bottled water and flavored seltzer.

Overall, Coca-Cola’s net revenue declined 6% to $7.1 billion for the quarter, as
a result of foreign-currency headwinds and the refranchising of company-
owned bottling operations. Analysts polled by Refinitiv had expected sales of
$7.03 billion.
CRITICAL READING

1.What Asian drink was responsible for the rise in tea and coffee sales in
the quarter?

A. Coca Cola Zero Sugar

B. Fuze Tea
C. Ready-to-drink coffee
D. Starbucks

2.Soda sales have decreased over the past decade as consumers have
become more health conscious.
A. True
B. False
C. Uncertain
CRITICAL READING

3.What does “margins” most nearly mean as used in paragraph 2?

A. border
B. leeway
C. limit
D. surplus

4.Analysts polled by Refinitiv had expected sales of $7.03 billion.

What is the best way to write the underlined portion?

A. Had expected
B. Have expected
C. Expected
D. Were expecting