Master’s Seminar (APH-600)

on
Role of Rootstocks in Temperate
Fruit Production

Speaker: Rajat Sharma

Id. No. : 50952
M.Sc. (Ag.)Horticulture
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G. B.
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
 Introduction

Physiology of rootstock-scion relationship

Role of rootstocks in temperate fruits

Review of work done in temperate fruits

Conclusion
Lower portion root system
Seedling or clonal.
Traits:
Dwarfing, precocity, improvement of fruit
quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance etc.

Hartmann and Kester, 2007

 A grafted tree is comprised of two components

Scion

Rootstock

Source: extension.org/parts-of-the-grape-vine:-roots
 Ideal Rootstock

• Precocious • Disease & Insect resistant

• Dwarfing • Graft compatible

• High Yielding • Widely adaptable

• High quality • Free standing

 Interstock

Pear : Old Home between Bartlett and

Quince Source: courses.cit.cornell.edu
 Stock-Scion Interaction
Effect of rootstock on the scion.

Influence of scion cultivar on rootstock.

Influence of interstock.
Size and growth habit. Vigour of the
Precocity in Flowering rootstocks.
and Fruiting. Form of root system.
Fruit set and yield.  Cold hardiness of the
Fruit size and quality. rootstock.
Disease resistance.
Formation of Graft Union
Lining up vascular cambium of rootstock
and scion

Wounding response

Callus bridge formation

Wound-repair xylem and phloem:

Differentiation of vascular cambium across
the callus bridge

Production of secondary xylem and

phloem from the new vascular cambium in
the callus bridge
A, transverse section through a 2-day-old cutting graft shows layer
of necrotic tissues (arrows).
B, callus formation(*) from the cambial region in a 4-day-old cutting
graft .
Different forms of cambium bridge. A,
wound vascular cambium (arrows) within
callus in a 21-day-old cutting graft ; B, a
slightly curved cambium bridge (arrows)
in a 30-day-old cutting graft ; C, S-shape
cambium bridge (arrows) in a 36-day-old
cutting graft .
Latvia Megre, 2007
How do rootstocks bring about their effects
upon the scion?
•Amount and/or ratio of promoting and
inhibiting endogenous hormones.
•The movement of assimilates (sugars,
amino acids) or mineral elements between
the scion and rootstocks.
•Amount of water taken up and moved
through the rootstocks or inter stock, to the
scion.
 What is graft incompatibility?

•The interruption in cambial and vascular

continuity, leads to smooth bread at the
point of graft union causing graft failure.
 External symptoms of graft incompatibility

•Failure to form a successful graft or bud union.

•Yellowing foliage.

• Decline.

•Premature death.

•Overgrowth.

•Suckering.
Type Definition
Localized Combinations in which the
incompatibility incompatibility reaction
apparently depends upon
the actual contact between
stock and scion.
Translocated Grafts combinations in
incompatibility which insertion of mutually
compatible inter-stocks
does not overcome
incompatibility.
Pathogen Incompatibility due to
Induced various diseases.
Incompatibility
example correction cause
Bartlett grafted on Insertion of Old - structural
quince rootstock. Home as interstock.
Apple grafted on
pear
Plum on Cherry.
Physiological
and biological
‘”Hale’s Early’’ peach If same
on Myrobalan B plum combination is
rootstock. tried at
Nonpareil almond on
cotyledonary stage Nutritional
Marianna 2624 plum
roots. deficiency
Peach cultivars on
Marianna 2624 roots
 Pear decline Bridge graft or
Apple union necrosis Presence of
Inarching done
and decline (AUND) virus
with a mutually
compatible
rootstock before
tree dies or break
off at the union
 Apple
• M. baccata, M. domestica, M. Malling Rootstocks
doumeri, • Dwarfing Rootstocks: M.9, M.27
• M. halliana, M. hupehensis, M. and M.20
sargenti, M. sieboldii, M. • Semi-dwarfing Rootstocks: M.2,
sieversii, M. sikkimensis, M.7 and M.26
• M. sylvestris, M. transitoria, • Vigorous Rootstocks: M.12, M. 16
M.toringoides, M. yunnanensis and M.25

Malling-Merton Rootstocks
MM.104, MM.106 and MM.111
Other
Northern Spy, Robusta No. 5, Bemali,
Jork 9, MAC1, MAC 9 (Mark), MAC
39, B.9, B.490, B.491, P. 1, P.2, P.
18, P.22, J 9, O 3, O 8, C 6, Novole,
G 30, G 65, KC 1, KC 1-48-41,
Alnarp 2, K 14
www.goodfruit.com
 Adaptability to Abiotic Stress
Rootstocks Abiotic Stress References
M13 and M16 Highly tolerant to Blasse, 1960
waterlogged condition

M7, M9 and M17 Tolerate drought condition –do-

M7, M16, M25 and MM109 High soil temperature Holubowicz et al., 1982
condition

M 26 More tolerant to low winter Wildung et al., 1973

temperature

Ottawa 3,Otawa 4, MM 106 Tolerance at -35 °C Holubowicz et al., 1982

and C-52
 Nutrient uptake

M9 rootstock showed higher uptake of Ca and

Mn (Roach, 1947)

M1 and M16 having higher amount of Ca in

leaves of fruiting clones (Awad and Kenworthy,
1963)

Trees of Empire apple showed higher

concentration of Mn in leaves on M27 rootstock
(Lord et al., 1985).
Geneva Apple Rootstocks - Commercial Releases

Perry, 2012
 Recent development of some apple rootstocks
Rootstocks Feature Reference
P2 Higher Ca uptake Ben and Malgarzata,
2005
P16 Sub dwarf Wesley and James, 2001
Good fruit yield and size
P 22 Dwarf and stronger than M9 Szczygiel and Czynczyk,
2002
P 60 Good yield efficiency -do-

G 41 Dwarf and winter hardy Robinson, 2008

(Malling 27 X Robusta 5)
G 935
(Ottawa 3 X Robusta 5)
G 202
(Malling 27 X Robusta 5)
G16
(Ottawa 3 X Malus floribunda)
V series
V1, V2, V3, V4, V7 etc.
Resistant to fire blight and crown rot
Most precocious -do-
Resistant to fire blight and crown rot
Resistant to woolly apple aphid -do-
Early precocity and good yield -do-
efficiency
V4 give highest fruit weight Autio and Krupa, 2002
V3 Highest yield efficiency
 Pear
ROOTSTOCK SPECIES
Cydonia oblonga, P. amygdaliformis,
P. betulifolia, P. calleryana,
P. caucasica, P. communis, P. cordata,
P. elaeagnifolia, P. kawakamii, P. nivalis,
P. pashia, P. pyrifolia, P. syriaca,
P. ussuriensis, P. xerophila, Sorbus spp.;
Hybrids of: C. oblonga, P. bretschneideri,
P. elaeagnifolia, P. heterophylla,
P. longipes, P. nivalis, P. pyrifolia,
P. sinaica and P. ussuriensis.
ROOTSTOCKS
Vigorous: OHF 18, OHF 97, OHF 112 and
OHF198.
Semi –vigorous: OHF 217, OHF 267 and OHF
361.
Semi –dwarf: OH F 34, OHF 69, OHF 87,
OHF 230, OH F333, BP 1, CQ 127, CQ 129,
CQ 130, CQ 131 and CQ 133
Dwarf: OHF 51, CQ 132 and CQ 134
Oregon series: Oregon 211, 249, Oregon 260,
Oregon 261 and Oregon 264
Others:Adams, Quince A, Quince C, BP 1, BP2,
BP 3, BA 29, C.132, QR193-16 and Pyrodwarf
 Nutrient uptake
NUTRIENT ROOTSTOCKS

N P. amygdaliformis, P. eleaegrifolia
P P. amygdaliformis, P. eleaegrifolia, P. pashia
K P. pashia, sorbus spp.
Ca Old Home, OH X F clones, P. betulifolia
Mg Cydonia oblonga, sorbus spp
Mn Sorbus spp, P. fauriei
Fe P. amygdaliformis, P. eleaegrifolia, P. pashia
B P. eleaegrifolia, P. pashia, P. ussuriensis,
P. betulifolia.

Zn P. betulifolia, P. eleaegrifolia, P. communis

Chaplin and Westwood (1980)
 Peach Rootstocks
Rootstock Species
 Prunus cerasifera, P. davidiana,
P. dulcis, P. ferganensis, P.
insititia, P. kansuensis, P. mira,
P. persica, P. pumila, P. salicina,
P. spinosa;
 Hybrids of P. angustifolia, P.
besseyi, P. cerasifera, P.
davidiana, P. dulcis, P. persica,
P. salicina, P. spinosa, P.
tomentosa .
Rootstock Cultivars
Peach- almond hybrids: GF 556
and GF-677.
• Vigorous: T-16, De-Bale, and
Oradea 1.
• Medium vigorous: Manson,
Rancho.
• Dwarfing: Siberian C, Rubira,
Harrow Blood.
Others: Siberian C, Marianna GF
8/1, GF 557, Rutger’s Red Leaf,
Sharbati, St. Julien Hybrid No.1,
& 2, Myram GF 557,
Nemagaurd, S-37 Nemared,
Okinawa, Flordaguard.
Commercial peach rootstocks planted in the South-
Eastern United States and their tolerance to nematodes,
short life, and oak root rot.

Rootstock Ring Peach tree Root-knot Oak root rot

Cultivar nematode short life nematode resistance
tolerance tolerance resistance
Lovell fair fair-good susceptible susceptible

Halford fair fair-good susceptible susceptible

Nemaguard poor poor resistant susceptible

Guardian fair-good very good- resistant susceptible

excellent

Reighard, 2000
 Plum
Prunus insititia selections:
St. Julian stocks, St. Julien A, St. Julien K, St. Julien GF 655-2,
St. Julien hybrid 1, St. Julien W 61, St. Julien hybrid 2,
Black Dames, Pixy, Common Mussel

Romanian rootstocks:
Rosior varatic, Corocodus 163, Porumbar De Lasi, Otesani 8

Other:
GF 677, GF 557, Ishtara, Hybrid P 2038,
Citation, Ferlenain, Maridon, Anna,
Agata, Kala Amritsari, Kabuli Greengage
Wangenheim Prune Seedlings
 Apricot
• ROOTSTOCK SPECIES • ROOTSTOCKS
• P. amygdalus, P. besseyi, P. • Seedlings of Plum, Peach and
sibirica, Apricot
• P. mandschurica, P. • Other: Amelia, Agata, Alina,
tomentosa, P. mume,
Marianna GF 8/1, Marianna
Triploid hybrids of P.
cerasifera x P. spinosa, 2624

• P. insititia. • Reine, Claude GF

1380,Pollizo, Haggith, Hybrid
P 2038, St. Julien P 6703
 Cherry Rootstock Sizes

MxM14 Stock. Morello OCR1 Mahaleb Mazzard seedling

OCR2 MxM39 F12/1
MxM14 MxM60
MxM2
MxM: Mahaleb x Mazzard
Stock. Morello: Stockton Morello
OCR: Oregon Clonal Rootstock
 Cherry
Mazzard (P. avium)
Sour cherry (P. cerasus)
Clonal rootstock F12/1 selected
at East Malling, England in
1920s
 Vigorous rootstock
 Requires many years to
come into full bearing
(6-12 yrs) → low precocity
Mahaleb (P. mahaleb)
 Vigorous rootstock
Stockton Morello (Originated in Illinois)
 Tolerant of heavy, clay soils
 Semi-vigorous
 Poor anchorage
Edabriz (Selected & released in France)
 Dwarfing & precocious
 Less adapted to light, alkaline soils
Weiroot (Selected near Munich, Germany)
 Incompatible with some cultivars

 Better adapted to calcareous  Not well adapted to heavy, clay soils

or drought soils
 WALNUT, ALMOND AND CHESTNUT
ROOTSTOCK SPECIES ROOTSTOCKS

WALNUT: WALNUT:
J. hindsii, J. major, J. regia, J. microcarpa Royal, Paradox
(J. rupestris), J. sieboldiana ( J.ailantifolia),
J. mandshurica, J. californica, J. nigra; ALMOND:
hybrids of: J. nigra and J. hindsii, Pterocarya GF 677, Alnem 1,
stenoptera Alnem 38, Alnem201,
Hansen 536, 2168,
GF 557
CHESTNUT:
Seedling rootstocks: Gin-Yose, Shibaguri
CHESTNUT: and Miyagawa No. 20
Castanea crenata, C. mollissima,
C. sativa, C. dentate, C. pumila, C. alnifolia,
C. azarkensis, C. henryi
and C. seguinii
 Rootstocks with various Characteristics
Rootstocks Dwarfing Cold hardy High temp. High moisture Powdery
tolerant mildew

APPLE B-490, B-491, J-9, M-7, B-491, B-490, B- M-7, MM- MM-116, M-7, P series (P 1,
M-9, M-26, M-27, 9, O-3, P-2, P-18, 109. MM-104 P2, P 16, P-18).
MAC-1, MAC-9, MAC- P-22, K-14,
39. MM-106, O-3, O-8, Novole, Alnarp 2,
OAR-1, P2, P18. Robusta 5.
Pear OHXF 51, Oregon 211, OH x F series. Oregon-211 Oregon 211 X 249, Oregon 211 and
Oregon 249, OH x F 34, and 249, Oregon 260, 261 249
OH x F 69, OH x F 87, Oregon-260, and 264.
OH x F 230, OH x F 261 and 264.
233.
PEACH Siberian C Siberian C, GF- Kabuli St. Julien -Hyb -
677, Marianna No.1 and No.2,
GF 8/1, Damas Myram.
GF- 1869
PLUM Pixy, St. Julien. St. Julien A, Marianna GF 8/1, -
Marianna-2624, Marianna 2621,
Marianna GF 8/1. Damas GF 1869.
APRICOT Hyb. P 2038, St. Julien P Haggith. -
6703.
CHERRY Colt. .W-10, W-13 -
 Cont.
Crown & root rot Crown Gall Nematodes Canker and
Gummosis

Apple B-9, B-491, MAC-9, :- Oregon series - -

O-3, P-2, Novole, G- and OH x F
30, G-65. series.
Apricot :- Reine
Claude GF 1380
Pear Oregon Series X OH x Oregon series and Oregon series. OH x F series,
F series OH x F series Oregon 260, 261 &
264.

peach - Nemaguard, Nemaguard, Lovell, Nemaguard

Nemared

plum - - Marianna GF 18/1, Myrobalan B, Pixy

Marianna 2624.

Apricot - Reine Claude - Marianna GF 8/1,

Marianna 2624

cherry Colt F 12/1. - F 12/1, Charger

Status of India in rootstocks

• CITH, Srinagar
Clonal Rootstock Maintained:
Apple : MM-106, MM-111, M-9, EMLA-106, M-26, M-27, M. baccata,
M. sargentii, M. sikkimensis, M. floribunda, M. macrocarpa,M.
eseltine, M. prunifolia, M. robusta, M. sieboldii.
Cherry : Mazzard, Mahaleb, Colt.
Review of work done in
temperate fruits
 Case study-1

• Title: Effect of Different Rootstocks on Root Distribution of

Apple.
• Authors: D.D. Sharma and J.S. Chauhan
• Location: YSPUHF, Solan

• Proceedings of VIIth on TZFTS, Eds. J.S. Chauhan et al., 167

Acta Hort 696, ISHS 2005
TABLE: 1. Effect of different rootstock on vertical root
distribution of apple.

Length of roots (m) according to root Total root length Mea

Depth diameter (m) n Root weight (g) Mean

(cm) <1 mm Mean 1-3 mm Mean >3 mm Mean M7 MM106 M7 MM106

M7 MM106 M7 MM106 M7 MM106
D1 157.40 137.47 148.43 21.46 14.70 18.08 4.16 6.62 5.39 185.02 158.70 171.87 395.50 368.00 381.80
D2 145.90 106.30 126.10 18.22 15.46 16.84 5.64 8.12 6.88 169.76 129.88 149.82 458.70 315.10 386.90
D3 97.90 77.86 87.90 17.74 13.99 15.87 3.91 6.06 4.99 119.55 97.91 108.76 327.50 299.80 313.70
D4 38.85 37.37 38.11 5.98 6.95 6.46 1.27 4.46 2.86 46.10 48.78 47.43 64.97 180.62 122.79

Mean 110.50 89.75 15.85 12.77 3.74 6.31 130.09 108.83 311.066 290.90

CD0.05
R - 12.31 1.89 1.00 12.26 NS
D - 17.41 2.68 1.42 17.34 51.16
RxD - 24.63 3.79 2.00 24.52 72.13
Depth: D2: 25-50
D1: 0-25 cm cm D3: 50-75 cm D4: 75-100 cm

Dr. Y.S.P.U.H.F., Solan Sharma and Chauhan, 2005

Table 2: Effect of rootstock on horizontal root distribution in
apple.
Distance Length of roots (m) according to root diameter Total root length (m) Mean Root weight (g) Mean

from tree <1 mm Mean 1-3 mm Mean >3 mm Mean M7 MM106 M7 MM106

trunk (cm) M7 MM106 M7 MM106 M7 MM106

H1 217.90 170.80 194.30 22.22 17.37 19.80 6.81 9.77 8.29 246.93 197.94 222.40 694.10 529.60 611.80

H2 133.00 108.20 120.60 17.08 16.26 16.67 4.01 8.02 6.02 154.09 132.48 143.29 294.10 389.90 342.00

H3 66.88 57.37 62.11 16.93 10.07 13.50 2.83 4.76 3.80 86.64 72.18 79.41 166.50 176.90 171.20

H4 24.27 22.65 23.48 7.17 7.40 7.29 1.33 2.71 2.02 32.82 32.76 32.79 91.97 67.12 79.60

Mean 110.50 89.75 15.85 12.77 3.74 6.31 130.09 108.83 311.66 290.90

CD0.05 R - 9.62 2.61 0.94 11.09 NS

H - 13.61 3.69 1.33 15.68 55.64
RxH - 19.24 5.22 1.88 22.19 78.71

Distance from tree trunk:

H1: 50-100 cm H2: 100-150 cm H3: 150-200 cm H4: 200-250cm

Dr. Y.S.P.U.H.F., Solan Sharma and Chauhan, 2005

 Case Study - 2

T - (Shiara/ Patharnakh/ Punjab Beauty);

1 T8- (Kainth small fruited/ Sucker/ Punjab
T - (Shiara/ Sucker/ Punjab Beauty);
2
Beauty);
T - (Shiara/ Punjab Beauty);
3
T9- (Kainth small fruited/ Punjab Beauty);
T - (Kainth large fruited/ Patharnakh/
4
T10- (Patharnakh cutting/ Patharnakh/
Punjab Beauty);
Punjab Beauty); T11- (Patharnakh cutting/ Sucker/ Punjab
T - (Kainth large fruited/ Sucker/ Punjab
5
Beauty);
Beauty); T12- (Patharnakh cutting/ Punjab Beauty);
T - (Kainth large fruited/ Punjab Beauty);
6 T13- (Sucker/ Patharnakh/ Punjab Beauty);
T - (Kainth small fruited/ Patharnakh/
7 T14- (Sucker/ Sucker/ Punjab Beauty);
Punjab Beauty); T15- (Sucker/ Punjab Beauty).
Table 1 : Influence of different stionic combination on plant growth, rootstock,
inter stock and scion girth of pear cv. Punjab Beauty.
Treatments Plant height Plant spread (cm) Rootstock Inter stock Scion girth
(cm) girth (cm) girth (cm) (cm)
T1 4.93 3.58 63.2 56.4 53.6
T2 4.91 2.53 61.0 63.0 49.3
T3 4.52 2.77 50.4 - 41.6
T4 4.26 2.24 48.5 44.3 41.3
T5 4.81 3.64 71.8 69.2 56.3
T6 4.43 2.91 56.6 - 47.0
T7 4.78 3.33 62.0 54.4 49.6
T8 4.05 2.69 49.3 58.3 39.3
T9 4.99 3.54 65.3 - 58.0
T10 4.14 2.13 40.4 37.2 36.6
T11 4.38 2.37 52.6 47.2 41.0
T12 5.00 2.91 57.8 - 51.6
T13 4.68 2.79 56.7 52.2 45.0
T14 4.54 3.12 65.2 53.3 49.3
T15 4.37 2.53 48.8 - 40.0
C.D.
(P=0.05) 0.27 0.38 7.8 5.9 6.6

PAU, Ludhiana Gill and Singh, 2014

Table 2 : Influence of different stionic combination on yield and quality
characteristics of pear cv. Punjab Beauty
Treatments Fruit number per Yield Firmness TSS Acidity
plant (kg/plant) Fruit weight (g) (lbs) (%) (%)
T1 266 29.3 120.1 15.1 13.4 0.39
T2 154 18.2 118.0 14.3 13.8 0.38
T3 144 21.7 143.5 14.9 13.6 0.41
T4 105 13.4 127.2 16.1 13.8 0.44
T5 389 45.7 117.6 14.6 13.1 0.46
T6 287 26.5 110.5 14.6 13.2 0.36
T7 123 14.6 118.1 15.4 14.1 0.38
T8 258 27.5 112.9 13.9 13.7 0.32
T9 321 39.3 122.5 13.8 14.7 0.34
T10 80 8.2 109.1 15.2 13.1 0.38
T11 98 11.7 119.2 15.8 13.1 0.32
T12 185 22.7 122.5 14.1 12.5 0.42
T13 154 17.4 113.0 15.4 12.7 0.44
T14 109 13.5 124.3 13.6 12.9 0.36
T15 54 5.9 110.4 15.6 13.5 0.45
C.D. (P=0.05) 39.8 11.8 6.5 1.15 0.73 NS
*NS: Non significant
PAU, Ludhiana Gill and Singh, 2014
 Case study-3
• Topic: Effect Of Rootstocks On Vegetative And Fruit
Characteristics Of Peach.
• Authors : Harminder Singh, Vishal Kaushal, Anirudh
Thakur, SK Jawandha and SK Sharma.
• Journal: Journal Research Punjab Agriculture University,
47 (1 & 2) : 34-38, March & June 2010.
 Table 1. Effect of rootstocks on vegetative characters
of peach trees (mean of 2 years)

Treatment combinations Stock girth Scion girth Tree Spread (m) Tree height Canopy volume

North-South East-west
(cm) (cm) (m) (m3)

Early Grande on Sharbati 35.00 33.08 3.46 3.32 3.03 20.06

Early Grande on
Flordaguard 42.00 39.25 3.79 3.75 3.23 26.97

Shan-e-Punjab on Sharbati 26.08 24.37 2.46 2.71 2.33 8.54

Shan-e-Punjab on
Flordaguard 37.00 34.75 3.55 3.73 3.02 21.72

CD (P=0.05) 8.11 6.29 0.76 0.65 0.34 10.91

PAU, Ludhiana Singh et al., 2010

Table 2. Effect of rootstocks on fruit yield, yield
contributing characters and fruit quality of peach
(mean of 2 years)
Treatment Fruit
combinations No. of yield Yield Fruit Fruit Fruit TSS Acidity
(Kg/ diamet
fruits/ tree tree) efficiency length er weight (%) (%)
(Kg/m3) (cm) (cm) (g)
Early Grande on 247.1 16.0 1.07 5.26 4.77 63.52 10.24 0.73
Sharbati
Early Grande on 434.1 25.9 1.38 5.27 4.87 64.25 10.46 0.72
Flordaguard
Shan-e-Punjab on 148.8 7.7 0.95 4.56 4.22 55.36 10.52 0.73
Sharbati
Shan-e-Punjab on 219.0 14.5 0.76 5.35 4.91 66.86 10.74 0.73
Flordaguard
CD (P=0.05) 40.60 2.49 NS 0.15 0.18 3.94 0.13 NS

PAU, Ludhiana Singh et al., 2010

Case Study -4
 Table 1. Tree performance and yield quality of Lapins
sweet cherries.

2004–2009
2009 1999–2009
RootstockS
trunk diameter average fruit weight tree die-back
(cm) (g) SSC (%) (%)
Gisela 5 7.3 6.1 17.0 56
Gisela 4 9.8 6.9 16.9 6
Gi 497/8 9.9 7.3 16.9 0
Gi 209/1 6.6 5.8 17.2 72
Gi 148/8 8.5 6.4 17.7 33
Gi 195/20 6.6 6.2 17.5 42
Gi 154/7 9.9 7.3 16.7 17
Gi 523/02 8.7 7.6 15.9 40
Weiroot 53 8.1 7.3 16.7 33
Weiroot 158 8.4 7.0 17.8 33
P-HL-A 9.6 7.7 16.8 17
Damil 7.2 7.2 17.1 6
LSD05 0.78 0.39 1.17 –

SSC – soluble solids content Lanauskas et al., 2010

Table 2. Flowering, Yield and Yield efficiency of
Lapins sweet cherries
Rootstock No. of flower clusters per tree Yield Yield
Flowering abundance, (0–5 score (kg/tree) efficiency
scale1) (kg/cm2 of
TCSA)
average Cumulative Cumulative
Gisela 5 2.6 11.9 0.36
Gisela 4 3.1 35.8 0.65
Gi 497/8 3.0 22.0 0.40
Gi 209/1 2.6 10.5 0.36
Gi 148/8 2.6 11.0 0.24
Gi 195/20 2.7 10.6 0.35
Gi 154/7 2.6 39.9 0.69
Gi 523/02 2.2 21.5 0.56
Weiroot 53 2.7 19.2 0.54
Weiroot 158 2.8 17.3 0.37
P-HL-A 1.9 16.5 0.33
Damil 1.5   8.3 0.29
LSD05 0.46 5.16 0.103
Lanauskas et al.,., 2010
 Case study -5

Title : The Geneva Series of Apple Rootstocks from

Cornell: Performance, Disease Resistance, and
Commercialization
• Authors : Terence Robinson, Herb Aldwinckle, Gennaro
Fazio and Todd Holleran
• Proc. XXVI IHC – Genetics and Breeding of Tree Fruits and
Nuts513.
• Acta Hort. 622, ISHS 2003.
• Place- U.S.A
Table 1.Rootstock infection with fire blight of ‘Gala’ after
blossom inoculation during bloom in 1999 at Geneva.

Rootstocks Tree death2

% of trees with rootstock infection1 %

M.26 EMLA 100 92

M.9 EMLA 100 83
MM.111 0 8
Bud.9 0 0
G.11 25 25
G.16 0 0
G.30 0 0
G.202 0 0
CG.3041 0 0
1Recorded at the end of 1999. Robinson et al., 2003
2Recorded at the beginning of 2000
Table 2. Survival of ‘Gala’ apple trees on ‘M.9’, ‘M.26’, and CG rootstocks
following a fire blight epidemic at an on-farm trial in New York State.

Rootstocks Tree killed by fire blight

(%)

M.9 93
M.26 75
G.11 19
CG.179 18
CG.30 15
CG.4202 14
CG.3041 13

Robinson et al., 2003

 Case Study- 6

• Compatibility Behaviour of Plum Rootstocks with

Peach Scions.
• Authors : Deepak Gangwar, R.L. Arora and G.S. Gaur
• Location : GBPUAT, Pantnagar.
• Proc. VIIth on TZFTS.
• Acta Hort 696, ISHS 2003.
Table 1. Effect of various graft combinations on per cent success and
nodes per centimeter shoot length of peach scion.
Rootstock Scion
Per cent success in graftage Nodes/cm. shoot length
Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur
Prabhat Prabhat

Kala Amritsari 88.33 86.00 0.76 0.77

Titron 53.33 44.67 0.82 0.80
Suraj Bhan 34.00 65.34 0.83 0.81
Jardalu 71.66 43.00 0.75 0.78
Calcuttia 77.33 75.67 0.78 0.79
Laddakh 75.66 64.67 0.81 0.79
Alucha Black 55.66 60.00 0.75 0.78
Alfa 73.00 64.34 0.81 0.82
Kabul Greengage 76.66 69.67 0.78 0.76
CD0.05 12.33 10.618 0.022 0.026
G.B.P.U.A&T., Pantnagar Gangwar et al., 2003
Table 2. Effect of various graft combinations on vegetative
growth of peach scion on plant growth.
Rootstock Scion
Number of leaves per
branch Height of the plant (cm)
Saharanpur Saharanpur
Flordasun Prabhat Flordasun Prabhat

Kala Amritsari 51.50 38.16 36.20 29.82

Titron 36.66 30.00 24.97 27.16
Suraj Bhan 20.25 26.33 14.44 20.16
Jardalu 23.66 23.66 20.58 17.83
Calcuttia 28.00 31.00 16.20 25.37
Laddakh 31.00 25.00 25.88 17.21
Alucha Black 29.83 26.33 26.84 24.57
Alfa 20.33 27.22 20.67 17.27
Kabul
Greengage 25.33 23.76 14.57 16.47
CD at 0.05 4.491 2.233 2.764 2.691
G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar Gangwar et al., 2003
Table 3. Effect of various graft combinations on the stem girth (cm)
of peaches.

Rootstock 5 cm below the union At the union 5 cm above the union

Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur
Prabhat Prabhat Prabhat
Kala
Amritsari 2.82 2.79 3.24 2.65 1.87 1.73
Titron 2.52 2.50 2.75 2.17 1.57 1.66
Suraj Bhan 2.40 2.44 2.30 2.16 1.53 1.52
Jardalu 2.45 2.21 2.82 2.18 1.55 1.59
Calcuttia 2.40 2.66 3.23 2.39 1.54 1.59
Laddakh 1.23 1.41 3.05 2.84 1.60 1.48
Alucha
Black 2.45 2.49 3.08 2.64 1.82 1.83
Alfa 2.44 2.57 2.46 2.83 1.76 1.82
Kabul 2.65 2.78 2.98 2.52 1.75 1.65
Greengage
CD0.05 0.251 0.154 0.210 0.328 0.222 0.221
G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar Gangwar et al., 2003
Table 4. Effect of graft combinations on the leaf area and number of
stomata per unit leaf area.
Rootstock Scion
Leaf area (cm2) Number of stomata per unit leaf area
Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur Prabhat
Prabhat
Kala Amritsari 16.58 15.39 18.36 18.41
Titron 12.94 13.46 15.33 16.84
Suraj Bhan 13.08 12.55 16.56 17.20
Jardalu 15.47 13.67 16.26 17.07
Calcuttia 14.28 15.07 16.52 16.81
Laddakh 15.24 13.85 17.38 16.41
Alucha Black 12.38 13.33 16.64 16.90
Alfa 13.31 15.16 16.30 16.36
Kabul Greengage 13.19 13.18 17.49 17.63
CD0.05 1.123 0.711 1.032 0.954

GBPUAT, Pantnagar Gangwar et al., 2003

 FUTURE THRUST
1.Development of clonal rootstocks

2.Development of site specific rootstocks

3.Development of complex hybrids

4.Potential of wild species as rootstocks

5.Development of virus free material

6.Development and evaluation of interstocks

7.Development in techniques of molecular biology

 Conclusion
Several components in future commercial fruit growing on
sustainable basis will depend on successful use of rootstocks for

 Better scion compatibility

 Canopy architecture

 Fruit quality

 Nutrient absorption

 Water use efficiency

 Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance

Adaptation under the influence of climate change

THANK YOU