Dasar
Kimia Farmasi Dasar
1. Brady, J.E, 2003, General chemistry, principles and structure, John Wiley & Sons,
Toronto.
2. Masterton W.L. and Hurley C.N., 2009, Chemistry: Principle and Reaction , 6 th
edition, Brooks/Cole cengage Leroring
3. Hill, J.W., Petrucci R.H., Perri S.S., 2005, General Chemistry, 4 th edition,
Pearson Prentie Hall, Upper Saddle River.
4. Christian G.D.,2004., Analitycal Chemistry, Sixth edition, Brooks/Cole, USA
5. Wilson C.O and Gisvolds O., Doorge R.F. (ed.), 2008, Textbook of Organic
Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lippincott Co., Toronto
6. Foye W.O., Lemke, T.L., Williams D.A., 2009, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry,
5th ed., Lea & Febiger, Boston
7. Soine, T.O. & Wilson, C.O., 1961, Rogers` Inorganic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry,7th Edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
8. Vogel, Quantitative analysis
9. Akses internet
Definisi
Ilmu kimia ?
Ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana benda atau materi di alam
dapat diubah dari bentuk yang ada dengan sifat-sifat tertentu
menjadi bentuk lain dengan sifat-sifat yang berbeda.
Materi ?
Materi adalah setiap objek atau bahan yang membutuhkan
ruang, yang jumlahnya diukur oleh suatu sifat yang disebut
massa.
Wujud materi
Bentuk - - +
Volume - + +
Classification of matter
Materi
Separations
(e) (g)
Separating Mixtures
Filtration : Separates components of a mixture based upon
differences in particle size. Normally separating a precipitate from a solution, or
particles from an air stream.
Crystallization : Separation is based upon differences in solubility of
components in a mixture.
Distillation : separation is based upon differences in volatility (different boiling
point).
Extraction : Separation is based upon differences in solubility in different
solvents (major material).
Chromatography : Separation is based upon differences in solubility in a solvent
versus a stationary phase.
Decanting : is the pouring of a liquid from a solid-liquid mixture, leaving the solid
behind.
Sublimation : is the physical property of some substances to pass directly from
the solid state to the gaseous state without the appearance of the liquid state. Not
all substances possess this characteristic. If one component of a mixture
sublimates, this property may be used to separate it from the other components of
the mixture. Iodine (I2), naphthalene (C10H8, mothballs), ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) and dry ice (solid CO2) are some substances which sublime.
Example of mixtures
Example of mixtures
Example of mixtures
Boiling Condensation
Liquid
Melting Freezing
Requires
Solid
Energy
Sifat Materi
CH3COO-
- Pertumbuhan sel.
- Kekurangan kalium ( 14 mg/ 100 ml
serum) dapat menyebabkan diarrhea.
Garam Magnesium
Mg(OH)2 , MgCO3 sebagai antasida
Mg SO4 : katartika, antidotum Ba, barbiturat
dll.
Magnesium trisilikat, 3 MgO,3 SiO2.x H2O;
Talk.
Garam kalsium
• Karies gigi
• perdarahan
• Inflamasi akut, kenaikan permeabilitas sel
• Keracunan CCl4 dan Pb
• Gejala alergi
• Gangguan saraf, misalnya migrain
Kimia Organik untuk
kepentingan farmasi
• Obat-obatan
Obat anti infeksi
* Antibakteri ( Alkohol, asam karboksilat, senyawa Iod, Klor dlsb.)
* Anti virus ( Acyclovir, Oseltamivir )
* Antineoplastika (Vincrystin, analog purin, pirimidin)
* Obat-obat anti malaria ( Artimisin, Primakuina,
klorokuina dll.)
* Antibiotika (Kanamisin, Neomisin, Penisillin, Streptomisin, Griseofulvin
dlsb.)
• Makanan dan minuman
* Pengawet (asam benzoat, nipagin, nipasol)
* Karbohidrat, Protein dan Lemak.
• Kosmetik
* Parfum, Sabun dll
• Tanaman Obat
* Glikosida (Glikosida fenolik, Glikosida hidroksi antakuinon, Glikosida
Jantung, Tanin)
* Alkaloida : Alkaloid Tobacco, Alkaloid
Lobelia, Alkaloida Chinchona, Alkaloida
Ergot, Alkaloida Opium, Alkaloida Ipeka , dll.
• Vitamin
* Vitamin larut lemak (Vit. A, D, E, K)
* Vitamin larut air (Vit. B dan C)
STRUKTUR ATOM
26
Model Atom Dalton
27
Model Atom Thomson
28
Model Atom Rutherford
29
Model Atom Niels Bohr
30
Model Atom Mekanika Kuantum
(Mekanika Gelombang)
• Tiap tingkat energi (kulit) terdiri satu/beberapa
subtingkat energi (subkulit)
• Tiap subtingkat energi (subkulit) terdiri
satu/beberapa orbital
• Tiap orbital dapat ditemukan paling banyak 2
elektron
• Posisi/kedudukan elektron tidak dapat ditentukan
dengan pasti (ketidakpastian Heisenberg)
• Kebolehjadian/kemungkinan ditemukannya elektron
dalam orbital dapat ditentukan dari bilangan
kuantumnya
31
Emission Energy By
Atoms
When atoms receive energy from some source—they
become excited—they can release this energy by
emitting light.
The emitted energy is carried away by a photon. Thus
the energy of the photon corresponds exactly to the
energy change experienced by the emitting atom.
An excited atom can release some or all of its
excess energy by emitting a photon (a
“particle” of electromagnetic radiation) and
thus move to a lower energy state. The lowest
possible energy state of an atom is called its
ground state.
The energy contained in the photon
corresponds to the change in energy that the
atom experiences in going from the excited
state to the lower state.
Bilangan Kuantum
35
Bilangan Kuantum Utama (n)
n= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 …
Kulit = K L M N O P Q …
36
Bilangan Kuantum Azimuth (l)
l= 0 1 2 3 …
Subkulit = s p d f …
37
Bilangan Kuantum Magnetik (m)
Menunjukkan orbital
m = – l, …, sampai + l
l= 0
l= 2
m= 0 m = –2 –1 0 +1 +2
Orbital = s
Orbital = d
l= 1 l= 3
m = –1 0 +1 m= –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
Orbital = p Orbital = f
38
Bilangan Kuantum Spin (s)
39
Konfigurasi Elektron
1. Aturan Aufbau
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, …
40
Konfigurasi Elektron
2. Aturan Hund
8O = 1s , 2s , 2p
2 2 4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
1s 2s 2p
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
1s 2s 2p
(Salah)
41
Konfigurasi Elektron
42
Konfigurasi Elektron
LANGMUIR
Elektron mengisi kulit baru setelah yg lebih dalam penuh. Maksimal e
tiap kulit :
2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
BURY
Elektron terluar tidak lebih dari 8. Kulit tidak
berisi lebih dari 8 e, kecuali kulit yg lebih luar
telah terisi. Maksimal e tiap kulit :
2, 8, 18, dan 32
43
The Periodic Table
Classifying the Elements: The
Periodic Law and the Periodic
Table
Meyer based his law on atomic volume, the atomic mass divided by density of solid.
He later examined other physical properties such as Hardness, Compressibility,
Boiling point, And found these also behaved periodically.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
1871
— = 44
— = 68 — = 72
—= 100
Transition Metals