50%(2)50% menganggap dokumen ini bermanfaat (2 suara)
2K tayangan32 halaman
The document discusses three case studies related to mathematical complexity and simple patterns in nature: [1] the shape of falling water drops, [2] a simulated ecological model of foxes and rabbits, and [3] patterns in flower petals. It describes how the water drop shape is more complex than a teardrop, how the ecological model uses cellular automata and rules to simulate population changes over time, and how plant petal and pine cone numbers often follow the Fibonacci sequence.
The document discusses three case studies related to mathematical complexity and simple patterns in nature: [1] the shape of falling water drops, [2] a simulated ecological model of foxes and rabbits, and [3] patterns in flower petals. It describes how the water drop shape is more complex than a teardrop, how the ecological model uses cellular automata and rules to simulate population changes over time, and how plant petal and pine cone numbers often follow the Fibonacci sequence.
The document discusses three case studies related to mathematical complexity and simple patterns in nature: [1] the shape of falling water drops, [2] a simulated ecological model of foxes and rabbits, and [3] patterns in flower petals. It describes how the water drop shape is more complex than a teardrop, how the ecological model uses cellular automata and rules to simulate population changes over time, and how plant petal and pine cone numbers often follow the Fibonacci sequence.
In this chapter, we tackle about case studies that goes on telling that mathematical complexity results in simple patterns and it is well worth understanding mathematical complexity, for it is such study that creates a better understanding of nature’s pattern.
3 case study Water drop Simulated ecology Flower patterns (Daisies) In this case, we will not talk about the timing of successive drops, instead we look at the shape the drop takes up as it detaches from the end of the tap.
Our common idea about the shape of a water drop,
is the “classic” cartoon-like teardrop shape. But it is not true. The formation of the detached drop begins with a bulging droplet hanging from a surface, the end of the tap. It develops a waist, which narrows, and the lower part of the droplet appears to be heading toward the classic teardrop shape. But instead of pinching off to form a short, sharp tail, the waist lengthens into a long thin cylindrical thread with an almost spherical drop hanging from its end Then the thread starts to narrow, right at the point where it meets the sphere, until it develops a sharp point. Then the orange falls away from the needle, pulsating slightly as it falls. But that's only half the story. Now the sharp end of the needle begins to round off, and tiny waves travel back up the needle toward its root, making it look like a string of pearls that become tinier and tinier. Finally, the hanging thread of water narrows to a sharp point at the top end, and it, too, detaches. As it falls, its top end rounds off and a complicated series of waves travels along it. The use of that phrase reflects a long tradition of mathematical modeling in which the changes in populations of interacting creatures are represented by differential equations. Jacque McGlade David Ran Howard Wilson In this case, the simulation was carried out by means of a "cellular automaton," which you can think of as a kind of mathematical computer game. McGlade, Rand, and Wilson, lacking my bias in favor of pigs, considered the more traditional foxes and rabbits. The computer screen is divided into a grid of squares, and each square is assigned a color-say, red for a fox, gray for a rabbit, green for grass, black for bare rock. Then a system of rules is set up to model the main biological influences at work. Examples of such rules might be: ILANG MOVES NA WALA PARIN AKONG NAKAIN WALANG FOODS HEHE PLAY DEAD HEHE Each move in the game takes the current configuration of rabbits, foxes, grass, and rock, and applies the rules to generate the next configuration-tossing computer "dice" when random choices are required. The process continues for several thousand moves, an "artifical ecology" that plays out the game of life on a computer screen. This artificial ecology resembles a dynamical system, in that it repeatedly applies the same bunch of rules; but it also includes random effects, which places the model in a different mathematical category altogether: that of stochastic cellular automata-computer games with chance. McGlade’s Group The numbers that arise in plants-not just for petals but for all sorts of other features-display mathematical regularities, They form the beginning of the so-called Fibonacci series, in which each number is the sum of the two that precede it Leonardo Fibonacci, in about 1200, invented his series in a problem about the growth of a population of rabbits. It wasn't as realistic a model of rabbit-population dynamics as the "game of life" model I've just discussed, but it was a very interesting piece of mathematics nevertheless, because it was the first model of its kind and because mathematicians find Fibonacci numbers fascinating and beautiful in their own right. Question: If genetics can choose to give a flower any number of petals it likes, or a pine cone any number of scales that it likes, why do we observe such a preponderance of Fibonacci numbers? Answer: Presumably, evolution with the mathematical patterns that occurred naturally, and fine-tuned them by natural selection 1 2 3 19 4 18 5 17 6 16 7 15 8 14 9 13 12 11 10
French mathematical physicists Stt'iphane Douady
and Yves Couder. They devised a theory of the dynamics of plant growth and used computer models and laboratory experiments to show that it accounts for the Fibonacci pattern. Elrom Jasper M. Ramos Gilly Ann Orpilla Ballad