INSOMNIA
1/4 MEMBUTUHKAN
FARMAKOTERAPI
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Nunes ML, Bruni O. Insomnia in childhood and adolescence: clinical aspect, diagnosis, and therapeutic approach. Journal de pediatria. 2015
PENDAHULUAN
Arboledas GP, Insuga VS, Luque MJ, et.al. Insomnia in children and adolescent. A consensus document. Analesdepediatria.2016
PENDAHULUAN
Disorder Prevalence
Insomnia 20-30%
Sleep-disordered breathing 2-3%
Hypersomnia 0,01-0,20%
Circadian rhythm disorders 7%
Parasomnias 25%
Sleep-related movement disorders 1-2%
Orexin/hypocretin
menstimulasi pusat-
pusat arousal. Neuron- SCN mengendalikan
neuron ini menjaga siklus sirkadian 24 jam,
pusat-pusat arousal aktif termasuk siklus tidur /
dan tetap bangun
bangun/terjaga.
Neurotransmiter yang terlibat dalam
pengaturan bangun dan tidur termasuk:
histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, sero
tonin, glutamate, orexin and acetylcholine.
LEVEL OF ACTIVITY
CATEGORY NUCLEUS NEUROTRANSMITTER
DURING AROUSAL DURING SLEEP
Sleep-promoting VLPO GABA 0 ++
Arousal-promoting LC Norepinephrine ++ 0
Arousal-promoting Raphe Serotonine ++ 0
Arousal-promoting TMN Histamine ++ 0
Orexin-releasing LHA Orexine ++ 0
DURASI TIDUR PADA ANAK DAN REMAJA
PENYEBAB INSOMNIA
Primer
Gangguan Fisik
Masalah/Gangguan Psikiatri
KRITERIA DIAGNOSIS
KONSEKUENSI GANGGUAN TIDUR
REGULASI EMOSI
FUNGSI KOGNITIF
Harvey AG, McGlinchey EL. Sleep interventions: a developmental perspective. In: Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry. 6 th ed
Yoo et al. (2007)
melaporkan adanya
peningkatan aktifitas
amigdala 60% sebagai
respon terhadap
stimulus emosional
ketika dilihat dalam
kondisi kurang tidur
dibandingkan
kelompok kontrol
(cukup) istirahat.
Silk et al., 2007:
Tidur yang adekuat
berkontribusi
memperbaiki regulasi
afek dengan
memperbaiki fungsi
PFC.
Leptin
Ghrelin
Increased Hunger
Increased
Caloric Intake
Increased
Opportunity to Eat
Sleep Obesity
Altered
Deprivation Thermoregulation
Reduced
Energy Expenditure
Increased Fatigue
Catecholamines
Cortisol
Harvey AG, McGlinchey EL. Sleep interventions: a developmental perspective. In: Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry. 6 th ed
KOMORBIDITAS GANGGUAN PSIKIATRI
Miano S, Adrados RP. Pediatric insomnia: clinical, diagnosis, and treatment. Revista de neurologia.2014
KOMORBIDITAS GANGGUAN PSIKIATRI
GPPH
Terjadi pada sekitar 25-50%
25-50 anak-anak dengan GPPH
%
Penyebab :
• Kebiasaan tidur yang tidak sehat
• Komorbiditas dengan gangguan psikiatri lain
• Efek samping dari obat stimulant
• Anak dengan GPPH tipe kombinasi mempunyai
masalah tidur yang lebih besar
Miano S, Adrados RP. Pediatric insomnia: clinical, diagnosis, and treatment. Revista de neurologia.2014
KOMORBIDITAS GANGGUAN PSIKIATRI
GANGGUAN EMOSI
75%
MASALAH PERILAKU
Miano S, Adrados RP. Pediatric insomnia: clinical, diagnosis, and treatment. Revista de neurologia.2014
KOMORBIDITAS GANGGUAN PSIKIATRI
DISABILITAS INTELEKTUAL
Orang yang mengalami disabilitas intelektual dengan masalah tidur
yang berat, dapat menyebabkan masalah perilaku yang berat:
Miano S, Adrados RP. Pediatric insomnia: clinical, diagnosis, and treatment. Revista de neurologia.2014
Effect of continuous
gaming time on the
decrease of sleep is
significant
After 6 months of
continuous gaming
time, sleep is affected
TERAPI
Menyesuaikan
aktivitas fisik Rutinitas positif
sebelum tidur.
Harvey AG, McGlinchey EL. Sleep interventions: a developmental perspective. In: Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry. 6 th ed
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Interventions for Pediatric
Insomnia
Article in Journal of Pediatric Psychology 39(8) · June 2014
Jodi A mindel, Lisa J Meltzer
Objective To evaluate and quantify the evidence for behavioral interventions for
pediatric insomnia. Methods Meta-analysis of 16 controlled trials and qualitative
analysis of 12 within-subject studies were conducted (total n = 2,560). Results Meta-
analysis found significant effects for four specified sleep outcomes: sleep-onset
latency, number of night wakings, and duration of night wakings, and sleep efficiency,
with small to large effect sizes across the controlled clinical trials involving typical
children. No significant effects were found for the two studies conducted with special
needs populations. Finally, within-subjects studies demonstrated significant effects for
all sleep outcomes with large effect sizes. Risk of bias assessment and GRADE ratings
of the quality of the evidence are described. Conclusion Moderate-level evidence
supports behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia in young children. However,
low evidence for children, adolescents, and those with special needs (due to a lack of
studies that met inclusion criteria) highlights the need for future research.
THANK YOU