HOW TO MAKE

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APA FORMAT
 APA style – (American
Psychological Association) style

is most commonly used to cite

sources within the social sciences.
 Basic Rules in APA Style
• Hanging Indentation
All APA citations should use hanging
indents, that is, the first line of
an entry should be flush left, and
the second and subsequent lines should be
indented 1/2“
Bernet, T. (2002). Friendship quality and social
development. New York : New York press.
• Invert the AUTHOR(S) NAME
• Use the INITIAL Of the FIRST NAME
 Basic Rules
• Citing multiple authors in running text
by the word (AND) Ex. Smith and Jones
(2016)

• Join the Authors name by an

Ampersand (&) parentheses in-text and
in the reference list. Ex. (Smith & Jones,
2016)
 Books

• Format: (Reference List)

Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date).
Book title. City of publication: Publishing company.
Example :
Allen, T. (2014). Vanishing wildlife of North America.
Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
In-Text Citation :
Example:
• According to Allen (2014) wild life helps the
environment….
• Research indicates that wild life helps the
environment.......(Allen, 2014)
 Encyclopedia & Dictionary
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of
Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City
of publication: Publishing company.
Examples:
Bergmann, P. (2013). Relativity. In The new
encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).
(2013). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
 Magazine & Newspaper Articles
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date).
Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue
number if available), inclusive pages.
Examples:
Harlow, H. F. (2013). Fundamentals for preparing
psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,
893-896.
Henry, W. A., III. (2014, April 9). Making the grade in
today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
 Website or Webpage
• Format:
Online periodical:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title
of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year,
from full
• URL Online document:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work.
Retrieved month day, year, from full URL
Examples:
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music
festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002,
from http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html
Dove, R. (2008). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic
Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from Alderman
Library, University of Virginia website:
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
 Writing In-Text Citations in APA Style

APA Style uses a kind of parenthetical referencing

called the author–date system.
Ex.
1.After the intervention, children increased in the
number of books read per week (Smith &
Wexwood, 2010).

2. Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported that after the

intervention, children increased in the number of
books read per week.
 Multiple In-Text Citations
• Example :
When multiple studies support your idea or findings you can
include multiple citations inside the same set of parentheses
and separate them by semicolons

1. Studies of reading in childhood have produced mixed results

(Albright, Wayne, & Jones, 2004; Gibson, 2011; Smith &
Wexwood, 2010).
• In running text, you can address studies in whatever order you
wish.
2. Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported an increase in the number
of books read, whereas Gibson (2011) reported a decrease.
Albright, Wayne, and Jones (2004) found no significant results.
 Some basic example to use in-text
citation
1.According to Dela Cruz (2015)….
2.Base from the findings/research of Santos
(2015)
3.Research indicates…(Young, 2016)
4.As discussed by Garner (2016)….
5.Recent study/ research suggests…. (Cruz,
2016)
6.Research indicates….(Friedman, 2015)
 No Author

example :
Ref. List
Autism. (2015). Encyclopedia
Britannica. New York :
McGrawhill.

In-text citation
Reasearch indicate that….(Autism,2015).
 Corporate Authorship
In-text citation
1. (Department of Education (DepEd), 2016)
2.(DepEd, 2016)
Ref. List
Department of Education. (2016).
K-12 Curriculum. Philippines:
Rex bookstore.
 Editor as Author

Fredman, H. (Ed.). (2016).

Mental Health. San Diego, CA:
Academic Press.
Note. Titles of books and reports are italicized in in-
text citations, and “titles of articles and other
documents” are put in quotation marks.
Capitalize the important words .
 ABSTRACT
• An Abstract is a brief summary of a research article,
thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth
analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help
the reader quickly determine the paper's purpose. It
work as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper
or patent application.
 ACADEMIC ABSTRACT STRUCTURE

Four elements :

1.The research focus (i.e. statement of the problem(s)/research issue (s)

addressed);
2.The research method used (experimental research, case studies,
questionnaires, etc.);
3.The results/findings of the research; and
4.The main conclusions and recommendations.

Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words

 Abstract Types

1. Informative
Also known as the complete abstract, is a concise and
comprehensive summary of a paper's substance including
its background, purpose, methodology, results, and
conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words,
Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone
documents.
 Descriptive

2. The descriptive abstract, also known as the

limited abstract or the indicative abstract,
provides a description of what the paper covers
without delving into its substance. A descriptive
abstract is akin to a table of contents in
paragraph form.
 Sample Abstract
Background Drafting in cetaceans is defined as the transfer of forces between
individuals without actual physical contact between them. This behavior has long
been surmised to explain how young dolphin calves keep up with their rapidly
moving mothers. It has recently been observed that a significant number of calves
become permanently separated from their mothers during chases by tuna vessels.
A study of the hydrodynamics of drafting, initiated in mechanisms causing the
separation of mothers and calves during fishing-related activities, is reported here.
 Results
• Quantitative results are shown for the forces and moments around a pair of unequally sized
dolphin-like slender bodies. These include two major effects. First, the so-called Bernoulli
suction, which stems from the fact that the local pressure drops in areas of high speed,
results in an attractive force between mother and calf. Second is the displacement effect, in
which the motion of the mother causes the water in front to move forwards and radially
outwards, and water behind the body to move forwards to replace the animal's mass. Thus,
the calf can gain a 'free ride' in the forward-moving areas. Utilizing these effects, the neonate
can gain up to 90% of the thrust needed to move alongside the mother at speeds of up to 2.4
m/s. A comparison with observations of eastern spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) is
presented, showing savings of up to 60% in the thrust that calves require if they are to keep
up with their mothers.
 Conclusions
• A theoretical analysis, backed by observations of
free-swimming dolphin schools, indicates that
hydrodynamic interactions with mothers play an
important role in enabling dolphin calves to keep up
with rapidly moving adult school members.
 Notes :
1. Write your paper first.
2. Review and understand any requirements for
writing your abstract
3. Consider your audience.
4. Determine the type of abstract you must write
 Dealing with Missing Information
What information do
Solution Position A Position B
you have?
I have both author and Author
n/a year
date Surname (s)
Title of
Substitute the
Book or
Author is missing title for the author year
"Title of
name
Article"
Use "n.d." for "no Author
Date is missing n.d.
date" Surname (s)
Combine Title of
Author and date are both solutions for Book or
n.d.
missing Author and Date "Title of
being missing Article"