GIT: Living in the IT Era

LECTURE 03
Systems Analysis
and Design
Chapter Objectives
Discuss the impact of information technology on business strategy and success
Define an information system and its components
Explain how profiles and models can represent business functions and operations
Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and relationships
Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them
Introduction
Companies use information as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity,
deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make sound
decisions
Information technology can mean the difference between success and failure

Information technology (IT) is the application of a combination of hardware and

software used to retrieve, store, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context
of a business or other enterprise
Data vs. Information
Data are facts that are recorded and
stored

Information is processed data used in

decision making
Value of Information
The value of information is the benefit produced by the information minus the cost
of producing it.
System
A set of two or more interrelated components interacting to achieve a goal
Information Systems
Set of interrelated components
Collect, process, store, and distribute information
Support decision making, coordination, and control
May also help analyze problems, visualize complex subjects and create new
products
Information
System
Components
Information System
Components
Hardware – tangible aspect of a computer system
Software – programs and other operating information used by a computer
(systems, application, enterprise, horizontal system, vertical systems, legacy
systems)
Data
Processes
People
Information Systems
Traditional Modern
◦ In-house applications ◦ Internet-based
◦ Software packages ◦ Outsourced
◦ Custom
◦ Enterprise-wide
Systems Analysis and Design
Systems Analysis and Design – a step-by-step process for developing high-quality
information systems
Systems Analyst – plan, develop, and maintain information systems
Business and Information Systems
With the different technological advancements, businesses have adopted newer
processes and have upgraded their business models
◦ Brick-and-mortar
◦ Click-and-mortar
◦ Click

The Internet has drastically reduced the intermediaries within a transaction (B2C,
B2B, …)
Business
and
Information
Systems
Business and
Information
Systems
According to support provided
Business and Information Systems
Examples of Information Systems according to support provided
◦ Inventory Control (TPS)
◦ Reservations (TPS, MIS)
◦ Customer Order Processing / Point-of-Sale (TPS)
◦ Warranty Claim Processing (TPS)
◦ Records Management (MIS)
◦ Enrollment (DSS)
◦ Attendance Monitoring (MIS)
◦ Payroll (TPS)
◦ Queuing (TPS)
Information
Needed
Information Needed
Top managers
◦ Strategic plans

Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers

◦ Middle managers provide direction, necessary resources, and performance feedback to
supervisors and team leaders
◦ Knowledge workers include professional staff members such as systems analysts,
programmers, accountants, researchers, etc.

Supervisors and Team Leaders

◦ Oversee operational employees and carry out day-to-day functions

Operational Employees
Role in the Project Proposal
System Analyst

A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates,

and maintains a company’s information systems
On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team
Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work
System Development
System Development
System development is the process of defining, designing, testing and
implementing a software application.
A system development project includes a number of different phases, such as
feasibility analysis, requirements analysis, software design, software coding,
testing and debugging, installation and maintenance.
System Development Methods
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Predictive Approach

Use of Process Models

Process-centered technique
System Development Life Cycle
 System Development Life Cycle
1. Planning – Initial stage, conduct preliminary investigation
2. Analysis – assess the requirements needed and provide documentation
3. Design – identify all inputs, processes, and outputs
4. Implementation – proposed system is constructed, all entities have their own
functions
5. Maintenance – verification of the implementation of proposed system
 Prototyping
Process of building a model for a system
Speeds up the development process significantly
Roles Defined
System Analyst

Responsibilities – Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to

meet needs
Required Skills and Background – Solid communication skills and analytic ability
Roles Defined
Information Technology Department

The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s

information systems
The IT group provides technical support
Roles Defined
Information Technology Department

Application Development
◦ Team may include users, managers and IT Staff members

Systems Support and Security

◦ Deployment team

User Support
◦ Help desk or information center (IC)
Roles Defined
Information Technology Department

Database Administration
◦ Database design, management, security, backup, and user access

Network Administration
◦ Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security

Web Support
◦ Webmasters
Importance of Project Management
Regardless of the development strategy, people, tasks, timetables, and expenses
must be managed effectively
Complex projects can involve dozens of people, hundreds of tasks, and many
thousands, millions of money
Systems Development Guidelines
Stick to a plan
Involve the users throughout the development process
Listening is very important
Use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones
Remain flexible
Develop accurate cost and benefit information

Reference: Rosenblatt, H. Systems Analysis and Design: Tenth Edition. Course Technology,
Cengage Learning. 2014. ISBN-13:978-285-17134-0