Basics of Instrumental Analysis

Dr Fadhl Alakwa
www.Fadhl-alakwa.weebly.com
UST-Yemen
Biomedical Department
Blood (Purpose and components)
• Blood is the fluid that circulates
trough the heart, arteries, veins
and capillaries carrying
nourishment, electrolytes,
hormones, vitamins, antibodies,
heat and oxygen to body tissues
and taken a way waste matter
and carbon dioxide.
• Blood is composed of cells and
plasma.
Blood cell Portion
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
Red blood cells
• Disc-shaped cells
• Contain no nucleus
• Live 120 days
• Number 4.5 to 5.5 million cells/mm3
• Each RBC contains 4 iron atoms in a
structure known as the hemoglobin
White blood cells
• Amoeba like cells
• Contain a nucleus
• Live 20 days
• Number 6 to 10 thousands cells/mm3
• They are present in the lymph fluid and
engulf invading bacteria and foreign
substances to destroy the invaders’ effect.
Platelets
• They are cell fragments
• Contain no nucleus
• Number 200 to 800 thousands cells/mm3
• Blood coagulation and clotting
Blood plasma
• Plasma proteins
• Plasma nutrients-energy-storing
• Regulatory and protective substances
• Plasma electrolytes
• Metabolic waste substances
Plasma proteins
• Albumins
• Fibrinogen and prothrombin
• Globulin
Plasma nutrients-energy-storing
• Glucose (blood sugar)
• Lipids (fats)
• Amino acids (Proteins for tissue growth)
Regulatory and protective substances

• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies
Plasma electrolytes-acid-base
• Na+
• K+
• Cl-
 Metabolic waste substances
• Urea
• Uric

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_common_blood_tests
Purpose of M. L. I.
The purpose of medical laboratory
instrumentation is to provide a means of
measuring required substances and
metabolic waste products in urine and
blood.
 Instrumental Analysis is the Base for All the
Modern Sciences

Instrumental Analysis will give quick answers on (1) what species is a

certain system (qualitative) and (2) How many of them (quantitative).

Analytical chemistry is critical to our understanding of

biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, geochemistry, environmental
science, atmospheric chemistry, materials science, metallurgy,
biology, pharmacology, agricultural science, food science,
geology, and other fields.
Qualitative analysis
• Qualitative analysis is the branch of
analytical chemistry that is concerned with
questions
• such as “What makes this water smell
bad?”, “Is there gold in this rock sample?”,
“Is this sparkling stone a diamond or cubic
zirconia?”, “Is this plastic item made of
polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene or
polycarbonate?”, or “What is this white
powder?”
Quantitative Analysis
• When qualitative analysis is completed, the
next question is often “How much of each
or any component is present?” or “Exactly
how much gold is this rock?” or “How
much of the organochlorine pesticide
dieldrin is in this drinking water?”
• The determination of how much is
quantitative analysis.
Concentration Unit
• Many analytical results are expressed as the concentration of the
measured substance in a certain amount of sample. The measured
substance is called the analyte.
• Commonly used concentration units include molarity (moles of
substance per liter of solution), weight percent (grams of substance per
gram of sample 100%), and units for trace levels of substances.
• One part per million (ppm) by weight is one microgram of analyte in a
gram of sample, that is, 1 x 10-6 g analyte/g sample. µg/g
• One part per billion (ppb) by weight is one nanogram of element in a
gram of sample or 1 x 10-9 g analyte/g sample.
• parts per trillion of the element, that is, picograms of element per gram
of sample (1 x10-12 g analyte/g sample).
Concentration Unit?
• To give you a feeling for these quantities, a
million seconds is 12 days (11.57 days, to
be exact). One part per million in units of
seconds would be one second in 12 days.
• A part per billion in units of seconds would
be 1 s in 32 years, and
• one part per trillion is one second in 32,000
years.
Terminology
• A sample may be homogeneous, that is, it
has the same chemical composition
everywhere within the sample. Like the salt
water.
• Many samples are heterogeneous; the
composition varies from region to region
within the sample.
undergraduate instrumental analysis page 9,10,11,12
‫‪undergraduate instrumental analysis page 9,10,11,12‬‬

‫ت ‪ :1‬مطلوب تصنيف الستخدامات‬

‫االجهزه الموجوده في الصفحات من الكتاب‬
‫‪ 9‬الي ‪12‬؟‬
 Basics of Instrumental Analysis

Stimulus Response

Energy Source Sample Analytical Information

Input transducer Data domain of Information

Transduced processor Readout
information
Basics of Instrumental Analysis
• All instruments measure some chemical or
physical characteristic of the sample, such as
– how much light is absorbed by the sample at a given
wavelength,
– the mass-to charge ratio of an ion produced from
the sample,
– or the change in conductivity of a wire as the sample
passes over it.
Basics of Instrumental Analysis
• A detector of some type makes the measurement
and the detector response is converted to an
electrical signal.
• The electrical signal should be directly related to
the chemical or physical property being measured
and that should be related to the amount of analyte
present.
Selecting Analytical Instruments
In order to select an analytical method intelligently, it is essential
to define clearly the nature of the analytical problem. Such a
definition requires answers to the following questions:

1. What accuracy is required?

2. How much sample is available?
3. What is the concentration range of the analyte?
4. What components of the sample will cause interference?
5. What are the physical and chemical properties of the
sample matrix?
6. How many samples are to be analyzed?
‫ت‪ :2‬مطلوب مقارنه لصنف واحد من‬
‫االجهزه لموديالت مختلفه بحسب‬
‫الخصائص المذكوره؟‬
 Precision and Accuracy

Not precise Not precise Precise Precise

Not accurate But accurate And accurate But not accurate
‫‪Medical laboratory department‬‬
‫‪• Facilities‬‬
‫‪• Personnel‬‬
‫‪• Equipment‬‬

‫ت‪ :3‬مطلوب وضع مواصفات عمليه‬

‫لمختبر بما فيها الرسومات الكروكيه لمساحه‬
‫المختبر واماكن االجهزه والتهويه والتعقيم‬
‫والتصميم االمثل؟‬
Facilities
• Must includes a clean, safe surrounding
with a special area for sterilization of
contaminated blood urine samples and
equipment
• Sufficient storage and cleaning areas must
be designated
Personnel
• Physician
• Medical technologist (equipment operator)
• Supervisor
Equipment
• Glassware, centrifuges, suction devices
• Colorimeter
Is an optical device that measures the color
concentration of a substance in solution
• Flame photometer
Is an optical electronic device that measures
the color intensity of substance that have
been aspirated into a flame (sodium and
potassium)
Equipment
• Spectrophotometer
Is optical device that measure light absorption
at various wavelengths for a given liquid
sample.
• Blood cell analyzer
Is a device to measures the number of red and
white blood cells per scaled volume.
The aperture impedance and flow cytometery
Equipment
• Ph/ blood gas analyzer
Is a device which measure blood Ph, Po2,
Pco2
• Chromatograph and Autoanalyzer
Is a electromechanical device used to
separate, identify, and measure the
concentration of substances in a liquid
medium.
• Computer based record and operation
system